بررسی تغییرات اکوسیستمی در مناطق خشک در ارتباط با ذی‌نفعان تالاب مطالعۀ موردی: تالاب هامون

نویسندگان

دانشگاه زابل

‎10.22052/deej.2021.11.34.49

چکیده

تالاب‌ها منابع ارزشمندی هستند که به‌واسطۀ خدمات اکوسیستمی آن‌ها، ذی‌نفعان مختلفی دارند. از آنجا که وابستگی این ذی‌نفعان به تالاب در مناطق خشک بیشتر است، تغییرات موجودی آب در تالاب اهمیت دوچندان دارد. در این مطالعه با هدف بارزسازی اهمیت احیای تالاب هامون به‌عنوان تنها منبع آب دشت سیستان، تغییرات این تالاب در ارتباط با ذی‌نفعان مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. بدین منظور بر اساس اهمیت هریک از طبقات مورد مطالعه شامل آب، کشاورزی، پوشش گیاهی طبیعی و اراضی بایر، برای ذی‌نفعان، کاربری‌ها تفکیک و نقشۀ کاربری و پوشش اراضی در سال‌های ۱۳۵۶، ۱۳۷۹، ۱۳۹۴، ۱۳۹۹ با استفاده از تصاویر ماهواره‌ای تهیه شد. پس از تهیۀ تصاویر ماهواره‌ای و طبقه‌بندی طبقات پوشش اراضی مساحت هرکدام از طبقات تهیه‌شده، در سال‌های متفاوت در ارتباط با ذی‌نفعان مشخص‌شده مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. پارامترهای اقلیمی دما و بارندگی سالیانه به روش آنومالی بررسی شد. در نهایت نیز تغییرات مساحت طبقات پوشش اراضی، روند تغییرات سطح آب تالاب هامون، و تغییرات پارامترهای اقلیمی در ارتباط با تغییرات سطح طبقات مرتبط با هریک از ذی‌نفعان تالاب بررسی شد. نتایج نشان می‌دهد در سال ۱۳۵۶ همۀ ذی‌نفعان شرایط مناسبی در منطقه داشته‌اند. در این سال پتانسیل خیزش خاک کاهش داشته است. سال ۱۳۷۹ به‌دلیل فقدان منابع آبی، پتانسیل خیزش خاک افزایش و طبقات مورد استفادۀ ذی‌نفعان کاهش یافته است. این مطالعه روابط بین حیات اکوسیستم طبیعی و حفظ حیات ذی‌نفعان را به‌صورت کمی نشان داد. این نتایج بیانگر لزوم احیای تالاب هامون است زیرا به‌رغم خشک بودن منطقه، آبگیری تالاب شرایط مناسبی برای زیستمندان منطقه فراهم می‌کند.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Ecosystem change detection in arid area in relation to stockholders The case study: Hamoun wetland

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohadeseh Mir
  • Saeedeh Maleki
  • Vahid Rahdari
چکیده [English]

Introduction: Wetlands are valuable water resources that have different stakeholders due to the ecosystem services they provide. Since the dependence of these stakeholders on the wetland is higher in arid and semi-arid areas, changes in water supply in the wetland are more important. Analysis of changes in water resources in relation to wetland stakeholders, in addition, to supporting the life and sustainable management of the ecosystem, is used to address the importance of wetland protection. In this study, to highlight the importance of Hamoun wetland restoration as the only water source in the Sistan plain, the changes of this wetland in relation to stakeholders were investigated. 

Method: The land-cover classes were determined based on the importance of each class for the stockholders of the wetland. Then, the land-use/ land-cover map of the wetland in the years 2020, 2015, 2000, 1977 was created using Landsat satellite images. The SVM classification method was used to classify the images and produce the land-use/land-cover maps. The anomaly of the climate variables including mean annual temperature and mean annual precipitation were calculated to show the change in climate variables. The changes in water level of Hamoun wetland, temperature, and annual precipitation in relation to changes in the area of each land-use/land-cover class of each group of stockholders were investigated. 

Results: The results of the stakeholder-related classes show that in 1977 all stakeholders had a good condition in this region and the potential for soil erosion has decreased in this year. In natural conditions, the Sistan plain is a suitable area for residents despite locating in an arid area. But in 2000, due to the lack of water resources, the potential for soil eruption has increased the classes used by stakeholders have decreased and the ecosystem services of the wetland were limited. In 2015, the water body was increased in comparison to 2000, and the area of vegetation and agriculture were increased. The area of bare-land was decreased. Based on these results the stockholders had better conditions than 2000. In 2020, the area of the water body was more than 2000 and 2015. The vegetation and agriculture area were increased in this year. Therefore, the condition of life for stockholders was improved. These results show the importance of Hamoun wetland restoration as the only water source in the Sistan plain. As seen, the changes of this wetland affect the well-being of stakeholders.

Conclusion: According to the results obtained in 1977, when the temperature and rainfall were better, a higher area of water resources existed. As a result, favorable conditions could be for farmers, livestock, and wildlife. The bare-lands have decreased, thus, the potential for soil erosion in the region has been decreased. In addition, the potential for soil erosion has decreased. Because the soil of the area was covered with water and vegetation. However, in 2000, when the drought occurred, due to the lack of water resources in Hamoun Wetland, the wetland body has changed to bare-lands, and the possibility of soil eruption has increased. In such a situation, because the water body did not exist, the conditions were not suitable for the stakeholders of the region. Especially agriculture, which is the most important occupation of the local people in this area. In case of drought and lack of water resources in Hamoun wetland, the potential of soil erosion increased and, as a result of which dust increases during storms. In addition to economic problems in the region, these factors also endanger the health of local communities. The results showed that after several years of dryness of the bed of Hamoun wetland, with the inundation of the Hamoun in 2020, the level of usable areas for the region's stakeholders has increased. Therefore, the living condition of the people and the wildlife have been improved. Because agriculture and vegetation have expanded, thus the potential for soil erosion has decreased due to the reduction of barren lands. The results of this study show the importance of wetland life in an arid and semi-arid region. With the change of wetland, the level of the lands that are related to each of the groups of users of the wetland also changes. Therefore, rehabilitation and protection of wetland, and water resources management is necessary for sustainable living conditions in the region.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Stockholders
  • Scio-economic
  • Agriculture
  • Drought
  • Sistan Plain
  1. Aazami, M., Shanazi, K., 2020. Tourism wetlands and rural sustainable livelihood. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism 30: 100284.
  2. Abkharabat, Sh., Safari, F., 2012. The effects of climate change on the process of wetland destruction: A case study of western Iran. First National Desert Conference (Science, Technology and Sustainable Development), Tehran (In Persian)
  3. Ahmadipour, H., Hashemi Garm Darreh, S.E., Babaei, M., 2017) Investigating the environmental and economic importance of wetlands. 3rd National Congress on Development and Promotion of Agricultural Engineering and Soil Sciences of Iran, Tehran, (In Persian)
  4. Ansari Quchar, M.,, Pourghlami Amiji, M., arsgi Nejad, Sh., 2020. Investigating the relationship between drought and the trend of dust storms in the west and southwest of the country. Iranian Soil and Water Research 11: 2839-2852 (In Persian)
  5. AragiNejad, Sh, Ansari Quchar, M., 2017. Investigating the effect of maximum wind speed on the frequency of days with dust storms. Fourth National Conference on Wind Erosion and Dust Storms, Yazd, Iran, (In Persian)
  6. Baghdadi, N., Bernier, M., Gauthier, R., Neeson, I., 2001. Evaluation of C-band SAR data for wetlands mapping. International Journal of Remote Sensing 22:71-88.
  7. Bagheri, MH., Bagheri, A., Sohooli, GA., 2016. Analysis of Changes in the Bakhtegan Lake Water Body under the Influence of Natural and Human Factors. IranWater Resources Research 12(3):1-11 (In Persian)
  8. Budaghpour, S., Ebrahimi, M., 201 Optimal management of water crisis in Hamoon wetland in eastern Iran. the first conference on applied research of Iranian water resources (In Persian)
  9. Dashti, S., Sabzghobaii, GH., Jaefariazar, S., 2018. Strategic planning for the development of environmental protection in wetland ecosystems (Case study of Qara Gheshlagh wetland watershed). Engineering and Irrigation Sciences (Scientific Journal of Agriculture) 41(3): 201-216.
  10. Ehsani, A., Shakarian, M., 2018. Determining the optimal method of land use classification and mapping / land cover by comparing artificial neural network algorithms and support vector machine using satellite data (Case study: Hamoon International Wetland). Environmental Science and Technology Volume 20, Number 4: 193-207(In Persian).
  11. Fussel, HM., Klein, RJ., 2006. Climate change vulnerability assessments: an evolution of conceptual thinking. Climate Chang 3:75-90
  12. Gallant, A., 2015. The challenges of remote monitoring of wetlands. Remote Sensing 7:10938–10950.
  13. Hyde, P., Dubayah, R., Walker, JB., Blair, M., Hofton, N.,, Hunsaker, C., 2006. Mapping forest structure for wildlife habitat analysis. Remote Sensing of Environment 102:63-73.
  14. Jahantigh, M., 2021. Study on Soil Properties at Various Depths of Hamoun Ecosystem to Creative Tourism Environment. Human and Environment 56:201-211.
  15. Kai-Ming, U., Gang, H., 2010. The Formation of Precipitation Anomaly Patterns during the Developing and Decaying Phases of Enso. Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 3, 25−30.
  16. Kamusoko, C.,, Aniya, M., 2006. Landuse/cover change and landscape fragmentation analysis in the Bindura district Zimbabwe. Land Degradation & Development 5,1431-1439.
  17. Khosravi, M., 2010. Analysis of temporal and spatial stability of Hmoon lake. Iranian Water Resources Research 6, 67-79 (In Persian).
  18. Klemas, V., 2013. Using remote sensing to select and monitor wetland restoration sites: An overview. Journal of Coastal Research 29,958-970.
  19. Madadi, E., Maleki, H., 2018. Desire of socio-economic activity of natural resource projects implemented. Range. 12, 267-280. (In Persian)
  20. Maleki, S, SoltaniKoupaei, S., Soffianian, A., Saatchi, , Pourmanafi, S., Rahdari, V., 2019. Human and Climate Effects on the Hamoun Wetlands. American Meteorological Society 11,609-611
  21. Maleki, S., Miri, A., Rahdari, V., Dragovich, D., 2021. A method to select sites for sand and dust storm source mitigation: case study in the Sistan region of southeast Iran, Journal of Environmental Planning and Management.
  22. Maleki, S., Rahdari, V., Baghdadi, N., Pahlevanravi, A.,. 2020. Application of Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Data in Aquatic Ecosystem Study. Iran-Water Resources Research. 16, 259-270. (In Persian)
  23. Maleki, S., Soffianain, A., SoltaniKopani, S., Pourmenafi, S.,, Shaykh al-Islam, f., 2018. Analysis of Changes in the Hamun Wetland Water Body and Land-use/Land-cover Changes During Annual Water Inundation. Iranian Water Resources Research 216, 14-225 (In Persian)
  24. Mao, D., Luo, L., Wang, Z., Wilson, M., Zeng, Y., Wu, B., Wu, J., 2018. Conversions between natural wetlands and farmland in China: a multiscale geospatial analysis. Sci Total Environ 634, 550-560
  25. Mir, M.,. Rahdari, V.,.Maleki, S., 2021. Evaluation of the effects of climate change changes on dust days in Hamoon International Wetland. Fifth International Conference on New Research in Agricultural Engineering, Environment and Natural Resources. Tehran. Iran.
  26. Miri, A., Hasan, A., Ekhtesasi, M. R, Panjehkeh, N., Ghanbari, A., 2009. Environmental and Socio-Economic Impacts of Dust Storms in Sistan Region Iran. International Journal of Environmental Studies. 66 (3): 343–355
  27. Miri, A., Maleki, S., Middleton, N., 2020. An investigation into climatic and terrestrial drivers of dust storms in the Sistan region of Iran in the early twenty-first century. Science of The Total Environment, 143, 952.‏
  28. Miri, A., Maleki, S., Middleton, N., 2021. “An Investigation into Climatic and Terrestrial Drivers of Dust Storms in the Sistan Region of Iran in the Early Twenty-First Century.” Science of The Total Environment 757, 143-952.
  29. Musavi, A., 2011. Optimal Land Management with Emphasis on Ecosystem Function using Planning Support System (case study: Middle Taleghan Basin). Doctoral Thesis of Range Management, University of Tehran, (In Persian).
  30. NazariDoost, AS.,. Arvahi, AS., Soleimani Roozbehani,‌, 2012.‌Developmentof comprehensive wetland management plans with ecological management approach. Journal of Environmental Science 53-54 (In Persian)
  31. Qureshi, S.H., 2016. A Study of the Role of Rehabilitation of Hamoon Wetland on the Income of the People of Sistan from the Production of Handicrafts. Comprehensive International Congress of Iran Environment (In Persian)
  32. Rahdari, V., Maleki, S., Mahomoudi, S., Abtin, E., Kadkhodae, M., 2016. Determination of high protection priority area of Jazmourian wetland using remote sensing data and multi criteria evolution method. Journal of wetland ecobiology 3:69-84 (In Persian)
  33. Rahdari, V.,, Maleki, S., Amiri, F.,, Shariff, A., Tabatabaie,‌,2012. Land-use/cover change detection over ChahNimeh in Iran using Landsat TM images. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 21: 3825-3835
  34. Rakhshani, A., Rakhshani, Z., 2018. The effects of the environmental crisis of Hamoon Wetland on the social situation of the people of Sistan and the presentation of managerial and executive solutions. National Conference on Agriculture and Sustainable Natural Resources, Tehran. (In Persian)
  35. Roodari, A.,, Hassanpour, F., Yaghoobzadeh, M., Delavar, M., 2019. Investigation of Relation between Meteorological and Hydrological Drought in Sistan Plain. Environmental Science and Technology. 21,33-44. (In Persian)
  36. Rusta, Z., Munwari, S.M., Darwish, M., Falahati, F., 2012. Application of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System in Extracting Land Use Map of Shiraz. Land use planning 149-164 (In Persian).
  37. SharifNia, R., FireEater, f., Nakhchi, R., Parthian, N.,n 2015. Socio-economic study of the beneficiaries of Gandman wetland and their desire to participate in the rehabilitation of the wetland. The International Conference on Wetland Management and Engineering, Karaj, Iran (In Persian)

Sistan and Baluchestan Environmental Protection Organization., 2015. Comprehensive Management Program of Hamoon International Wetlands. Secretariat of Comprehensive Ecological Management of Hamoon International Wetlands - Zahedan. (In Persian)