ژئوشیمی رسوبات پلایای سبزوار: کاربرد آن در تعیین موقعیت تکتونیکی و شرایط آب‌وهوای دیرینه

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی دکتر علی شریعتی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

2 دانشیار مدیریت مناطق خشک و بیابانی، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

3 دانشجوی دکتری زمین‌شناسی گرایش رسوب‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم پایه، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

10.22052/DEEJ.2021.11.36.44

چکیده

پلاﯾﺎی ﺳﺒﺰوار در شرق ﮐﻮﯾﺮ ﺑﺰرگ اﯾﺮان ﻣﺮﮐﺰی ﺑﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﺣﺪود 2648 ﮐﯿﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ واقع شده اﺳﺖ. در این پژوهش به طبقه‌بندی، تعیین سنگ منشأ، هوازدگی و موقعیت تکتونیکی رسوبات پلایای سبزوار با استفاده از آزمایش پراش اشعۀ ایکس (XRD)، فلورسانس اشعۀ ایکس (XRF) و میکروسکوپ الکترونی روبشی (SEM) بر روی رسوبات پلایا پرداخته شده است. نتایج بیانگر وجود کانی‌های آواری و تبخیری مانند کوارتز، ایلیت، پالیگورسکیت، کلسیت، دولومیت و ‌هالیت در رسوبات است. مقایسۀ بین مقادیر اکسید‌های اصلی و عناصر فرعی رسوبات با مقادیر پوستۀ بالایی قاره‌ای نشانگر غنی‌شدگی برای Fe2O3، CaO، Na2O، MgO، MnO، As، Co، Cr،Ni ، Cu، Pb، Sr، Y و Zn و تهی‌شدگی برای SiO2، Al2O3، K2O، TiO2، P2O5، Ba، Ce، Nb، Rb، V و Zr است. رسوبات بر اساس داده‌های ژئوشیمیایی و کانی‌شناسی از نوع واکی هستند. بررسی شاخص‌های ژئوشیمیایی Al2O3/SiO2، K2O/Na2O، Fe2O3+MgO، Cr/V و Y/Ni بیانگر ترکیبات حدواسط تا مافیک است. میزان شاخص‌های هوازدگی شیمیایی در ناحیۀ منشأ با استفاده از روش CIA بین 32 تا 48 و برای روش CIX در حدود 43 تا 64 بوده است. همچنین بررسی مقادیر SiO2 در مقابل مقادیر Al2O3+K2O+Na2O نشان‌دهندۀ آب‌وهوای خشک در ناحیۀ منشأ است. نتایج بیانگر یک موقعیت تکتونیکی فعال برای رسوبات پلایای سبزوار است.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigating Geochemistry of Sabzevar Playa Sediments: Implications for Tectonic Setting and Paleoclimate Changes

نویسندگان [English]

  • Maliheh Pourali 1
  • Adel Sepehr 2
  • Abolfazl Jamshidipour 3
1 Department of Geography, Faculty of Letters and Humanities, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
2 Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
3 Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad,
چکیده [English]

Introduction: Known as the dominant landform in arid and semi-arid regions, Playa offers the only evidence of past environmental conditions in semi-arid regions. in other words, considering the fact that Playa constitutes a region with negative water balance for more than half of the year and capillary properties close to the surface and sediments, playa sediments are, in some cases, considered as the only evidence of past environmental conditions in arid and semi-arid regions. On the other hand, geochemical methods are used to examine geochemical processes, tectonics, and the origin of playa sediments, the most important aspect of which is to discover the origins of changes in rocks, relief, climate, tectonic setting, transport history, and diagenesis. It should also be noted that the Quaternary period is considered responsible for the escalation of eolian processes, desert formation, and dryness of lakes, being characterized by drastic changes in climatic conditions worldwide.
 
Materials and method: Stretching over an area of approximately 120 km, the Sabzevar Playa is one of the most elongated depressions in the Khorasan Razavi province in northeastern Iran. The Playa is located between 35°55' – 36°25' north latitude and 56°15' – 57°45' east longitude, covering an area of 2648 km2, which is typically classified along with Great Kavir and its surrounding playas (e.g. Damghan Kavir, Bajestan playa, Haj Aligholi Kavir) under the name of the “Dasht-e Kavir” basin. In addition, seasonal hydrological currents flows in the playa. However, according to krinsley (1970), the playa had been a closed basin throghout the Pliocene, which has then been converted to a semi-closed basin under the influence of the fault activities.
The geological nature of the playa comprises of alluvial and evaporation sediments belonging to the Quaternary period, including Windborne dunes, tertiary igneous rocks, and Cretaceous carbonates (dolomite and limestone) which are mainly found in neighboring mountain flanks. Moreover, some areas in the periphery of Sabzevar Playa constitute ophiolite sequences called Sabzevar ophiolites. On the other hand, while intrusive and volcanic units are mainly found around the northern and eastern parts of the Playa, carbonates and detrital sedimentary units containing conglomerates and sandstone are scattered along the playa, possessing abundant outcrops. It should be noted that there exists a metamorphic complex with pre-Jurassic sedimentary sequences near the western half of the playa, being characterized by a varying degree of metamorphism from green-schist to amphibolite.
This study examined one hundred sixty air-dried powder samples to identify both bulk and clay mineralogy using the X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique at the central laboratory of the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad and Razi Applied Science Foundation in Tehran. Moreover, the major concentrations of oxide and trace elements were determined via X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) method based on the procedure introduced by Abdi et al., (2018). Finally, the elemental ratios were, as major representatives of environmental changes (wet/dry periods), calculated at surface and depth levels. 
 
Results: The mineralogical results obtained via the application of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique and scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS) method revealed that silica oxide, clay, carbonate, and evaporite minerals were the most abundant minerals identified in the sediments of Sabzevar playa (Table 1). On the other hand, the results of the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) technique showed that silicon oxide (SiO2) had the highest abundance (between 39.8 and 45.5% by weight) among the main oxides identified in the sediments. Furthermore, the amount of L.O.I (Loss on ignition) was 1.8 to 16.9 percent of the sediments’ weight in the samples . It was also found that minor elements in the above-mentioned samples comprised of As Ba Ce, Co, Cr, Cu, Nb, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sr, V, Y, Zr, Zn, and Cl. 
Discussion and Conclusion: Taking the Fe2O3/K2O oxide values ​​and the presence of clay minerals into consideration, it could be argued that according to Herron's classification (Herron, 1988), Sabzevar playa’s sediments are equivalent to wackes. On the other hand, compared to the values ​​of the upper continental crust and the negative trend of Na2O versus SiO2 and Al2O3, the enriched amounts of CaO, MgO, and Na2O oxides could be attributed to carbonate minerals such as dolomite, calcite, and the presence of halite minerals in the playa’s sedimentation environment. Moreover, the enriched amounts of Na2O, Al2O3, and K2O3 could be justified by the presence of feldspars and clay minerals. It was also found that the high amounts of Fe2O3 oxide in the sediments were due to the presence of magnetite. Also, compared to the playa’s other sediments and clay minerals, the relatively small amounts of siliceous sediments were found to be responsible for the positive correlation between SiO2 and Al2O3, the SiO2/Al2O3 ratio, and the depletion of these two oxides.
On the other hand, the low values ​​of TiO2 could be attributed to their derivation from intermediate rocks. Moreover, the enrichment of the Sr element could have occurred due to the replacement of Sr with K and Ca in potassium and calcium minerals, respectively. In addition, taking the positive trend of TiO2 into consideration, this study found that compared to Zr and Al2O3 and the ratios of minor elements such as Cr/V and Y/Ni, Sabzevar playa’s sediments are of intermediate to mafic igneous origin similar to ophiolites.
It was also revealed that based on the lithology around Sabzevar playa and the geochemical evidence, the Sabzevar ophiolite series in the northeast of the playa and the metamorphic complex in its western part had played a major role in forming the sediments of Sabzevar playa, whose geochemical data in the original area showed evidence of a dry climate. Furthermore, it was found that the sediments had been left in an active tectonic setting such as oceanic to continental magmatic arcs, which is consistent with the ophiolitic origin of the region and other results found in this regard.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Geochemistry
  • Modern Sediment
  • Provenance
  • Sabzevar Playa
  • Weathering Index
  1. Abdi, L., Rahimpour-Bonab, H., Mirmohammad-Makki, M., Probst, J., & Langeroudi, S. R. (2018). Sedimentology, mineralogy, and geochemistry of the Late Quaternary Meyghan Playa sediments, NE Arak, Iran: palaeoclimate implications. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 11(19), 1-18.
  2. Adel I.M., Akarish, B., Amr M. El-Gohary, N., 2008. Petrography and geochemistry of Lower Paleozoic sandstones, East Sinai, Egypt: Implications for provenance and tectonic setting. Journal of African Earth Sciences 52, 43-54.
  3. Armstrong-Altrin, J. S., Botello, A. V., Villanueva, S. F., & Soto, L. A. (2019). Geochemistry of surface sediments from the northwestern Gulf of Mexico: implications for provenance and heavy metal contamination. Geological Quarterly, 63(3), 522-538.
  4. Batumike, I.L., Cailteux, H., Kumpunzu, A.B., 2006. Lithostratigraply, basin devolopoment, base metal deposits and regeional conelathions of the Neoprotrozic Ngoba and Kondelvngu rock Successions, Central Atican. Gondwana Research 432-447.
  5. Bhatia, M.R., 1983. Plate tectonics and geochemical composition of sandstones. Journal of Geology 91, 611–627.
  6. Bracciali, L., Marroni, M., Pandolfi, L., Rocchi, S., Arribas, J., Critelli, S., & Johnsson, M. J. (2007). Geochemistry and petrography of Western Tethys Cretaceous sedimentary covers (Corsica and Northern Apennines): from source areas to configuration of margins. Special Papers-Geological Society of America, 420, 73.
  7. Crook, K.A.W., 1974. Lithogenesis and geotectonics: the significance of compositional variations in flysch arenites (graywackes). In: Dott. Jr., R.H., Shaver, R.H. (Edition), Modern and Ancient Geosynclinal Sedimentation. SEPM Special Publication 19, 304–310.
  8. Das, B.K., AL-Mikhlafi, A.S., Kaur, P., 2006. Geochemistry of Mansar Lake sediments, Jammu, India: Implication for source-area weathering, provenance, and tectonic setting. Journal of Asian Earth Science 26, 649-668.
  9. Dickinson, W.R., Beard L.S., Brakenridge, G.R., Erjavec J.L., Ferguson, R.C., Inman K.P., 1983. Provenance of North American Phanerozoic sandstones in relation to tectonic setting. Geological Society of America Bulletin 94, 222-35
  10. Folk, E., 1980. Petrography of Sedimentary Rocks. Hemphill Publishing Company 182 p.
  11. Gansser, A. (1955). New aspects of the geology of Central Iran. Proceedings of the 4th World Petroleum Congress, Rome, Section 1, pp. 280-300.
  12. Garcia, D., Ravenne, C., Marechal, B., Moutte, J., 2004. Geochemical variability induced by entrainment sorting: quantified signals for provenance analysis. Sedimentary Geology 171, 113-128.
  13. Garzanti, E., Padoan, M., Setti, M., López-Galindo, A., & Villa, I. M. (2014). Provenance versus weathering control on the composition of tropical river mud (southern Africa). Chemical Geology, 366, 61-74.
  14. Green, T. H., Sie, S. H., Ryan, C. G., & Cousens, D. R. (1989). Proton microprobe-determined partitioning of Nb, Ta, Zr, Sr and Y between garnet, clinopyroxene and basaltic magma at high pressure and temperature. Chemical Geology, 74(3-4), 201-216.
  15. Hayashi, K., Fujisawa, H., Holland, H.D., Ohmoto, H., 1997. Geochemistry of 1.9 sedimentary rocks from northeastern Labrador, Canada. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 61, 4115–4137.
  16. Herron, M.M., 1988. Geochemical classification of terrigenous sands and shales from core or log data. Journal Sedimentary Petrology 58, 820–829.
  17. Jacobson, A.D., Blum, J.D., Chamberlain, C.P., Craw, D., Koons, P.O., 2003. Climatic and tectonic controls on chemical weathering in the New Zealand Southern Alps. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 37, 29–46.
  18. Jafarzadeh, M., Harami, R. M., Amini, A., Mahboubi, A., & Farzaneh, F. (2014). Geochemical constraints on the provenance of Oligocene–Miocene siliciclastic deposits (Zivah Formation) of NW Iran: implications for the tectonic evolution of the Caucasus. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 7(10), 4245-4263.
  19. Jamshidipour, A., Khanehbad, M., Moussavi-Harami, R., & Mahboubi, A. (2021). Dolomitization models in the Sibzar Formation (Middle Devonian), Binalood Mountains (NE Iran): Based on the petrographic and geochemical evidence. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 176, 104124.
  20. Jouladeh Roudbar, A., Eagderi, S. and Esmaeil H.R. 2015, Fishes of the Dasht-e Kavir basin of Iran: an updated checklist. International Journal of Aquatic Biology 3 (4): 263-273.
  21. Jin, Z., Li, F., Cao, J., Wang, S., Yu, J., 2006. Geochemistry of Daihai Lake sediments, Inner Mongolia, north China: Implications for provenance, sedimentary sorting and catchment weathering. Geomorphology 80, 147–163.
  22. Kadir, S., Eren, M., Külah, T., Erkoyun, H., Huggett, J., & Önalgil, N. (2018). Genesis of palygorskite and calcretes in Pliocene Eskişehir Basin, west central Anatolia, Turkey. Catena, 168, 62-78.
  23. Khalatbari-Jafari, M., 2000. Geological Map of Abbas-Abad (1:100000 Scale). Geological survey and mineral exploration publications, Iran.
  24. Khanehbad, M., Moussavi-Harami, R., Mahboubi, A., Najafi, M., Mahmudy Gharaie, M.H., 2012. Geochemistry of Carboniferous sandstones (Sardar Formation), East-Central Iran: Implication for provenance and tectonic setting. Acta Geological Sinica 86(5), 1200-1210.
  25. Krinsley, D. B. (1970). A geomorphological and paleoclimatological study of the playas of Iran. Geological survey of United States Department of Interior, Washington DC, pp 320.
  26. Lacassie, J.P., Roser, B., Ruiz Del Solar, J., Herve, F., 2004. Discovering geochemical patterns using self-organizing neural networks: a new perspective for sedimentary provenance analysis. Sedimentary Geology 165, 175-191.
  27. "Majidi, J., 1998. Geological Map of Sabzevar (1:100000 Scale). Geological survey
  28. and mineral exploration publications, Iran."
  29. McLennan, S. M., Hemming, S., McDaniel, D. K., & Hanson, G. N. (1993). Geochemical approaches to sedimentation, provenance and tectonics. Geological Society of America, Special Paper, 284, 21–40.
  30. McLennan, S.M., 2001. Relationships between the trace element composition of sedimentary rocks and upper continental crust. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems (Electrical Journal of Earth Sciences), April 20, 2.
  31. Moghadam, H. S., Corfu, F., Chiaradia, M., Stern, R. J., & Ghorbani, G. (2014). Sabzevar Ophiolite, NE Iran: Progress from embryonic oceanic lithosphere into magmatic arc constrained by new isotopic and geochemical data. Lithos, 210, 224-241.
  32. Mughal, Muhammad Saleem, Chengjun Zhang, Dingding Du, Li Zhang, Sohail Mustafa, Fahad Hameed, Muhammad Rustam Khan, Muhammad Zaheer, and Dembele Blaise. "Petrography and provenance of the Early Miocene Murree Formation, Himalayan Foreland Basin, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan." Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 162 (2018): 25-40.
  33. Nesbitt, H.W., Young, G.M., 1982. Early Proterozoic climates and plate motions inferred from major element chemistry of lutites. Nature 299, 715–717.
  34. Nesbitt, H.W., Young, G.M., 1984. Prediction of some weathering trends of plutonic and volcanic rocks based upon thermodynamic and kinetic consideration. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 48, 1523-1534.
  35. Nowrouzi, Z., Moussavi-Harami, R., Mahboubi, A., Mahmudy Gharaie, M. H., & Ghaemi, F. (2014). Petrography and geochemistry of Silurian Niur sandstones, Derenjal Mountains, East Central Iran: implications for tectonic setting, provenance and weathering. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 7(7), 2793-2813.
  36. Ocampo-Díaz, Yam Zul Ernesto, Giovani Sosa-Ceballos, Ricardo Saucedo, José Luis Macías, Xavier Bolós, Ulises Alejandro Radilla-Albarrán, Margarita Martínez-Paco, Ulises Salinas-Ocampo, and Guillermo Cisneros-Máximo. "Provenance and compositional variations of intra-caldera lake sediments at La Primavera, Jalisco, Western Mexico." Journal of South American Earth Sciences 110 (2021): 103335.
  37. Pandey, S., & Parcha, S. K. (2017). Provenance, tectonic setting and source-area weathering of the lower Cambrian sediments of the Parahio valley in the Spiti basin, India. Journal of Earth System Science, 126(2), 1-16.
  38. Pearce, J. and Norry, M., 1979. Petrogenetic implications of Ti, Zr, Y, and Nb variations in volcanic rocks. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 69(1), 33-47.
  39. Pettijohn, F.J., Potter, P.E., Siever, R., 1987. Sand and Sandstone. (2nd Edition) Berlin7, Springer-Verlag 553 p.
  40. Potter, P.E., 1978. Petrology and chemistry of modern big river sands. Journal of Geology 86, 423-449.
  41. Pourali, M., Sepehr, A., & Mahmudy Gharaie, M. H. (2020). Depositional pattern of sediments in a dry-lake Playa in NE Iran; Implication for geomorphologic characteristics. Desert Ecosystem Engineering Journal, 3(1), 11-24.
  42. "Radfar, J., and Kohansal, R., 2000. Geological Map of Davarzan (1:100000 Scale). Geological survey and mineral exploration publications, Iran."
  43. Rollinson, H.R., 1993. Using Geochemical Data: Evaluation, Presentation, Interpretation, Longman 352.
  44. Roser, B.P., Cooper, R.A., Nathan, S., Tulloch, A.J., 1996. Reconnaisance sandstone geochemistry, provenance and tectonic setting of the Lower Paleozoic terranes of the West Coast and Nelson, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal Geology and Geophysics 39, 1-16.
  45. Roser, B.P., Korsch, R.J., 1986. Determination of tectonic setting of sandstone–mudstone suites using SiO2 content and K2O/Na2O ratio. Journal of Geology 94, 635–650.
  46. Salehi, M.A., Moussavi-Harami, R., Mahboubi, A., Wilmsen, M., Heubeck, C., 2014. Tectonic and palaeogeographic implications of compositional variations within the siliciclastic Ab-Haji Formation) Lower Jurassic, east-central Iran). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Palaontologie 1, 21-48.
  47. Shahraki, M., Mahmudy Gharaie, M. H., Moussavi-Harami, R., & Rashki, A. (2021). Geochemistry of Bandan River sediments in Sistan Basin (Eastern Iran): implication for provenance and environmental impact on the Hamoun Lake pollution. Environmental earth sciences, 80(1), 1-17.
  48. Smykatz-Kloss, W., & Roy, P. D. (2010). Evaporite mineralogy and major element geochemistry as tools for palaeoclimatic investigations in arid regions: A synthesis. Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana, 62(3), 379-390.
  49. Steffen, K., Rüdiger, D., Ulrike, S., Hannelore, K., 2007. Provenance of the Carboniferous Hochwipfel Formation (Karawanken Mountains, Austria/Slovenia)-Geochemistry versus petrography. Sedimentary Geology 203, 246-266.
  50. Suttner, L., J., and Dutta, P., K., 1986. Alluvial sandstone composition and palaeoclimate: framework mineralogy. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 56, 329–345.
  51. Taylor, S.R., McLennan, S.M., 1985. The Continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution. Blackwell, Oxford, 312 pp.
  52. Zand-Moghadam, H., Moussavi-Harami, R., Mahboubi, A., Rahimi, B., 2013. Petrography and geochemistry of the Early-Middle Devonian sandstones of the Padeha Formation in the north of Kerman, SE Iran. Implications for provenance. Boletín del Instituto de Fisiografía y Geología 83, 1-14.