تأثیر شیوه‎های مختلف ذخیرۀ نزولات باران بر رطوبت خاک و خصوصیات رویشی نهال‎های مغیر Acacia oerfota (Forssk.) Schweinf (مطالعۀ موردی: حوزۀ آبخیز معرف و زوجی دهگین استان هرمزگان)

نویسندگان

1 مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی هرمزگان-سازمان تحقیقات و اموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی

2 مرکزتحقیقات کشازی و منابع طبیعی هرمزگان

10.22052/deej.2020.9.26.31

چکیده

با جمع‎آوری آب باران و ذخیره‎سازی آن با استفاده از شیوه‎های مختلف ذخیرۀ نزولات آسمانی در مناطق خشک کشور، اراضی فاقد پتانسیل کشاورزی، در جهت ایجاد پوشش گیاهی به‎ کار گرفته می‎شود که در نتیجۀ آن، کاهش تبخیر، رواناب و اتلاف آب و افزایش ذخیرۀ آب زیرزمینی حاصل خواهد شد. هدف از این تحقیق، تأثیر شیوه‏های مختلف ذخیرۀ نزولات آسمانی بر حفظ رطوبت خاک و برخی از خصوصیات رویشی نهال‎های بومی گونۀ مغیر (Acacia oerfota (Forssk.) Schweinf) در حوزۀ زوجی و معرف دهگین استان هرمزگان است. خصوصیات رویشی و کیفی نهال‎ها شش ماه پس از تولید، اندازه‎گیری و سپس به سامانه‎های آبگیر باران هلالی، لوزی، پیتینگ و شاهد انتقال یافت. چاله‎هایی با ابعاد40×40×40 سانتی‎متر در وسط سامانه‎های هلالی، پیتینگ و انتهای ضلع سامانۀ لوزی جهت کاشت نهال‎ها حفر شد. همۀ سامانه‎ها عمود در جهت شیب احداث شده است. شایان ذکر است برای پلات شاهد نیز در منطقه‎ای هم‎شیب با سایر سامانه‎ها و فاصلۀ متوسط 2 متر از یکدیگر، چاله‎های کاشت نهال حفر شد. چهار ماه پس از کاشت نهال در دورۀ بارش و ثبت پنج واقعۀ بارندگی، خصوصیات رویشی و کیفی نهال‎ها در سامانه‎ها و همچنین رطوبت خاک 24 ساعت پس از هر بارش بررسی و با استفاده از آنالیز واریانس دوطرفه مقایسه شد. درجۀ شادابی نهال‎ها در شاهد با مقدار 86/2 در درجۀ متوسط طبقه‎بندی قرار گرفته و به‎طور معنی‎داری کمتر از مقدار آن در شیوه‎های مختلف جمع‎آوری نزولات آسمانی بود. میانگین رویش قطری و ارتفاعی در سامانۀ هلالی 95/1 میلی‌متر و 12/10 سانتی‎متر بود که اختلاف معنی‎داری با شاهد در سطح 5% داشت. این نتایج نشان می‎دهد این اختلاف رویش تصادفی نبوده بلکه تحت‌تأثیر شیوه‎های مختلف ذخیرۀ نزولات آسمانی است. درصد رطوبت در سامانه‎های هلالی، لوزی، پیتینگ و شاهد (24 ساعت پس از بارش) به‎ترتیب 46/13، 95/11، 5/11 و 34/10 درصد بود که اختلاف معنی‎داری با یکدیگر داشتند. بنابراین اختلاف رطوبت، واقعی بوده و ناشی از عملکرد شیوه‎های مختلف ذخیرۀ نزولات آسمانی است. نتایج همبستگی بین خصوصیات رویشی و رطوبت خاک با استفاده از ضریب همبستگی پیرسون نیز نشان داد رطوبت خاک با احتمال 99%، اثر مستقیم مثبتی بر قطر یقه و ارتفاع نهال‎ها دارد. طبق نتایج، در شرایط طبیعی در منطقۀ دهگین، سامانۀ هلالی با بهبود بهتر ذخیرۀ نزولات و کاهش اتلاف آب و درنتیجه افزایش رطوبت خاک در مقایسه با شاهد، میکروکلیمای مناسب‎تری را برای رویش گیاه فراهم می‎کند.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigating the Effects of Different Methods of Precipitation Storage on Soil moisture and Growth Characteristics of Acacia Oerfota (Forssk) Schweinf Seedlings: A Case study of Paired Watershed of Dehgin, Hormozgan Province

نویسندگان [English]

  • Maryam Moslehi 1
  • Hamed Hassanzadeh Khankahdani 2
1
2
چکیده [English]

Introduction: water is necessary for human, animal and vegetation lives. Therefore, providing sufficient water is an undeniable necessity for sustaining creatures’ lives. Development of water supplies, thus, should occur in such a way as to keep the hydrological balance and biological functions of all ecosystems which is crucial for marginal lands. Precipitation storage is the general name for all different techniques used for collecting runoff and rain water to be saved in the soil profile or tanks and be used for growing trees and crops and developing them in dry lands. The precipitation storage is applied for afforestation in arid and semi-arid regions whose rainfall rates are not enough to sustain a good seedling or tree growth. Precipitation storage can increase the rate of planting trees in drought regions through the collection of rainfall, and runoff enhancement. Therefore, these techniques could compensate for the lack of soil moisture and help overcome good spells in critical growing stages, securing good water for plant when rainfall is erratic. This study, therefore, sought to investigate the effect of different precipitation storage techniques on preserving soil moisture and some growth characteristics of Acacia oerfota (Forssk.) Schweinf seedlings in Paired watershed of Dehgin, Hormozgan province.
 
Material and methods: Paired watershed of Dehgin is one of the sub watersheds of Esteghlal dam in Minab, Hormozgan province. Having collected Acacia oerfota seeds in the summer of 2018, they were planted in plastic pots. Collar diameter, stem height and quality characteristics of seedlings were measured. Seedlings were then planted with three replications (three blocks) in four treatments (diamond-shape micro catchment, semi-circular bunds, pitting, and control). following four months and five rainfall events, growth and quality characteristics of seedlings were measured in different precipitation storage techniques and the collected data were analyzed, using two-way analyses at the level of 95%. Soil moisture was measured based on different precipitation storage techniques and control, and the extracted data were analyzed by two-way analyses. The relationship between soil moisture, collar diameter and stem height were also measured via Pearson's correlations.
 
Results: the results of the study indicated that the seedling vitality with the amount of 2.86 was significantly lower in control than it was in different precipitation storage techniques. Collar diameter of seedlings in semi-circular bunds (1.95 mm) was higher than what it was in diamond-shape micro catchment, pitting and control (0.92, 0.88 and 0.89 mm). Height growth in semi-circular bunds with the amount of 10.12 cm was significantly higher than that in control with the amount of 6.2 cm. These significant differences were due to the function of different precipitation storage techniques. Soil moisture percentage in all treatments was reported as being different (p<0.05). The amounts of soil moisture were 13.46%, 11.95%, 11.5% and 10.34% in diamond-shape micro catchment, semi-circular bunds, pitting, and control respectively. It was also found that soil moisture had positive direct effect on collar diameter and seedling height (p<0.01).
 
Discussion and Conclusion: Vitality and establishment of tree seedlings depend on soil conditions and available moisture. As rain water is free of salts and other minerals that may harm plants and prevent their growth, it deemed great for plant growth. Considering the fact that rain water percolates into the soil, it forces salt down and away from root zone, allowing roots to grow better and making them tolerate more severe drought. The construction of diamond-shape micro catchments, semi-circular bunds and pitting in the study region, and collection of rain water and runoff led to the increase in soil moisture by improving infiltration rate, and thus facilitated plant growth. On the other hand, as plants require large quantities of water for growth, water was used during photosynthesis to produce carbohydrate as a necessary element for plant growth. Moreover, it is evident that leaves are important organs for photosynthesis and play an important role in survival and growth of plants. As the findings of the current study showed, soil moisture was higher in control method. It could thus be concluded that lower growth in control is due to lower moisture.
The results of this study indicated that precipitation storage techniques were highly crucial for the soil moisture storage to improve vegetation in arid and semi-arid areas and increase their growth and vitality. It was also found that soil moisture content and also growth characteristics of drought-tolerant seedlings of Acacia oerfota, were higher in semi-circular bunds than those in control and other precipitation storage methods. These seedlings have suitable shoots and large green leaves without dieback in dry climate of Dehgin, resulted from the rain water and runoff collected through precipitation storage techniques and absorbed by plants. Moreover, among all treatments, semi-circular bunds were the best precipitation storage methods for afforestation and pasture improvement in the studied region.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Collar diameter
  • Dehgin watershed
  • Hormozgan
  • moisture preserve
  • seedling height
1. Abdollahi, V., Zolfaghar, F., Jabbari, M. and Dehghan, M.R., 2016. Effect of crescent pond on soil and vegetation properties in Saravan Rnagelands (Sistan and Baluchestan province). Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research 22 (4), 658-672. 2. Ahmadi, H., Madadizade, N., Shahrokhi, S. and Amiri, A., 2011. Surface runoff management with construction of arc basin in the desert regions. Case Study: South of Kerman, Collection abstracts in second National Conference Combat to Desertification and Development of Desert Wetlands in Iran, Arak. Iran. 14-15 September. 603 p. 3. Alves, A.A.C. and Setter, T.L., 2000. Response of Cassava to water deficit: Leaf area growth and abscisic acid. Crop Science 40, 131-137. 4. Asadpour, R., 2016. Investigation of planting and establishment methods of broadleaved perennial plants (case study: Taverniera cuneifolia). National project, Hormozgan province. 45 pp. 5. Azarnivand, H. and Zare chahouki, M.A., 2008. Range improvement. First edition. University of Tehran Press, 354 pp. 6. Aydrous, A., Mohamed, A., Abdelbagheri, A., Salih, S. and Elsheik, A., 2015. Effect of some micro-catchment water harvesting techniques on soil moisture content. International Conference on Chemical, Civil and environmental Engineering. Turkey, Istanbul. 7. Black, C.A., 1965. Methods of soil analysis: Part I physical and mineralogical properties, Second Edition. American Soil Society of Agronomy Press, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, 770 pp. 8. Boers, T.M. and Ben-Asher, J., 1982. A review of rainwater harvesting. Agricultural Water Management 5 (2), 145-158. 9. Bradford, J.M., Ferris, J.E. and Remley, P.A., 1987. Interill soil erosion processes. 1. Effect of surface sealing on infiltration, runoff, and soil splash detachment. Soil Sciences Society of American Journal 51 (6), 1566–1571. 10. Brestic, M., Cornic, G., Fryer, M.J. and Baker, N.R., 1995. Dies photorespiration protect the photosynthetic apparatus in Frech bean leaves from photoinhibition during drought stress? Planta 1996, 450-457. 11. Condit, R., 1998. Ecological implications of changes in drought patterns: shifts in forest composition in Panama. Climatic Change 39 (2-3), 413 –427. 12. Dasberc, S., 1971. Soil water movement to germinating seeds. Journal of Experimental Botany 22 (4), 999-1008. 13. Dasilva, A.P. and Kay, B.D., 1996. The sensitivity of shoot growth of corn to the east limiting water range of soils. Plant and Soil 184, 323– 329. 14. Delkhosh, M. and Bagheri, R., 2012. Effect of mechanical projects of arc basin on production, canopy cover, plant composition and soil moisture in Zahedan, Collection abstracts of first National Conference of rainwater catchment systems of Iran, Mashhad. Iran. 13-14 December, p. 18. 15. Duveskog, D., 2003. Soil and water conservation with a focus on water harvesting and soil moisture retention. Ministry of Agriculture of Keniya. Farmesa. 20 pp. 16. Elboshra, M.A., 2011. Effect of Holes and Crescents Water Harvesting Techniques on Growth of Sidr (Ziziphus Spina-Christi) Around Khartoum New International Air Port. M.S.c. thesis, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan. 17. Evans, C. and Etherington, J., 1991. The effect of soil water potential on seedling growth of some British plants. New Phytology 118 (4), 571-579. 18. Fadoul Mohammed, S. and Elamin Mohamed., A., 2016. Impact of water harvesting techniques on growth indigenous tree species in jeJebel Awila locality, Sudan. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research: Agriculture and Veterinary XVI (III), 42-53. 19. Foyer, C.H., Valadier, M.H., Migge, A. and Becker, T.W., 1998. Drought-induced effects on nitrate reductase activity and mRNA and on the coordination of nitrogen and carbon metabolism in maize leaves. Plant Physiology 117, 283-292. 20. Gowing, J.W., Mahoo, H.F., Mzirai, O.B. and Hatibu, N. 1999. Review of rainwater harvesting techniques and evidence for their use in semiarid Tanzania. Tanzania Journal of Agriculture Sciences, 2 (2), 171-180. 21. Grossnickle, S.C., 2005. Importance of root growth in overcoming planting stress. New Forests 30(2-3), 273-294. 22. Guidelines for range improvements through rain water conservation, 2009. Islamic Republic of Iran vice presidency for strategic planning and supervision, No. 419. Tehran, Iran, 63 pp. 23. Gupta, G.N., 1994. Conserving Rainwater for Plant Production. Journal of Ecological Management 70, 329-339. 24. Gupta, G.N., 1995. Rain-water management for tree planting in the Indian Desert. Journal of Arid Environment 31 (2), 219-235. 25. Hai, M.T., 1996. Water harvesting experiences for fruit production in ASAL area of Kenya: Acase study of Kaumoni Demonstration, Mwingi District. Papern presented at the first national Agroforestry conference, 25-29 March 1996, Muguga, Nairobi, Kenya. 26. Hossieni, M. and Roghani, M., 2012. Comparison of precipitation storage methods in Lozi-micro catchment. Iran Watershed Management sciences and Engineering. 6 (19): 7-18. 27. Jafarian, V. and Lahuti, A., 2006. Introducing of water superabsorbent polymers application in biological desertification project. Forest and Rangeland Journal, 70: 58-62. 28. Jangjoo, M., 2009. Range development and improvement. Jahade Daneshgahi Press. Ferdousi University, Mashhad. 240 pp. 29. Jha, A.K., and Singh, J.S., 1992. Restoration of degraded land: concepts and strategies. Rastogi Publication, Meerut Press, India. 30. Keneshlu, H., 2004. Effects of pruning intensity on vitality of Pinus eldarica ‎plantation at west Tehran. Journal of Forest and Poplar, 12(1): 111-140. 31. Khadem, K., Jankju, M. and Medaghi, M., 2015. An investigation on the most suitable size of curved pits and the best plantation place inside the curves (Case study: Koomiran Rangelands, Ghaen, South Khorasan). Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research 22(2), 231-239. 32. Kheoufi, A., Mansouri, L. and Boukhatem, Z., 2017. Application and use of sulfuric acid pretreatment to improve seed germination of three acacia species. Reforesta 3, 1-10. 33. Li, X., Shi, P., Sun, Y., Tang, J. and Yang, Z., 2006. Influence of various in situ rainwater harvesting methods on soil moisture and growth of Tamarix ramosissima in the semiarid loess region of China. Forest Ecology and Management 233 (1), 143-148. 34. Li, W.Q., Liu, X.J., Khan, M.A. and Gul, B., 2008. Relationship between soil characteristics and halophytic vegetation in coastal region of North China. Pakistan Journal of Botany 40 (3): 1081-1090. 35. Mahmoodi Moghadam, G., Sadeghi, M., Rostampour, M. and Chakoshi, B., 2015. Effects of constructing small arc basins system on rangeland production and some soil properties in arid lands (case study: Steppic rangelands of Sarbishe, South Khorasan Province). Journal of Rangeland, 9(1): 66-75. 36. Makino, A., Mae, T. and Ohira, K., 1988. Differences between wheat and rice in the enzymic properties of ribulose-l,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase and the relationship to photosynthetic gas exchange. Planta 174, 30-38. 37. Milkias, A., Tadesse, T., Zeleke, H., 2018. Evaluating the effects of In-situ rainwater harvesting techniques on soil moisture conservation and grain yield of Maize in Fedis District, eastern Haraghe, Ethiopia. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology 6 (9), 1129-1133. 38. Mirdavoodi, H.R., 2014. Investigation on growth characteristics and establishment of range species in steppe regions of Markazi province. Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research. 21 (1): 165-175. 39. Mohamadian, A., Abtahi, S.A., Sepah mansoori, R, Karamian, R., 2008. Effect of water spreading operations on condition, trends, and changes of vegetation in research station D. Rashid Lorestan, Proceedings of the Fourth National Conference on Science and Watershed Engineering, Karadj. Iran. 20-21 February. P: 720. 40. Oweis, T., Hachum, A., 2006. Water harvesting and supplemental irrigation for improved water productivity of dry farming systems in West Asia and North Africa. Agricultural Water Management, 80 (1-3), 57–73. 41. Penuelas, J., Rutishauser, T., Filella, I., 2009. Phenology feedbacks on climate change. Science, 324 (5929), 887-888. 42. Pic, E., Teyssendier, De., La Serve, B., Tardieu, F., Turc, O., 2002. Leaf senescence induced by mild water deficit follows the same sequence of macroscopic, biochemical and molecular events as monocarpic senescence in pea. Plant Physiology, 128:236–246. 43. Puocif, V., 2008. Polymer in agriculture: A review. American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science, 3 (1): 299-314. 44. Rastegar, H., Barkhordari, J. and Choopani, S., 2005. Use of rainwater catchment systems in storage of rainfall to increase of soil moisture. Case Study: CHAHTAR region- North of Hormozgan province, The 9th Congress of Soil Science, Tehran, Iran. Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Center.28- 31 Agust. p. 860. 45. Sadeghzadeh, M., Yarahmadi, J., Moghanlou, K. and Nikavand, D., 2017. The effect of rainwater catchment systems on increasing soil moisture and growth of Elaeagnus angustifolia in Oun Iban Ali, Tabriz. Iranian Journal of Rainwater Catchment Systems 5 (14), 19-28. 46. Sarah, P., 2002. Special pattern of soil moisture as affected by shrubs, in different climatic conditions. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 73 (3), 237–251. 47. Serpe, M.D. and Mathews, M.A., 2000. Turgor and cell wall yielding in dicot leaf growth in response to changes in relative humidity. Australian Journal of Plantphysiology, 27:1131-1140. 48. Singh, G., Rani, A., Bala, N., Shukla, S., Baloch, S. and Limba, N.K., 2010. Resource availability through rainwater harvesting influenced vegetation diversity and herbage yield in hillslope of Aravalli in India. Frontiers of Agriculture in China 4 (2), 145-158. 49. Soltanipour, M.A., 1999. Comparison of plantation with four indigenus Acacia species and determination of least irrigation period in the first year after plantation. Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar. 3 (1): 110-154. 50. Suleman, S., Wood, M.K., Shah, B.H. and Murray, L., 1995. Rainwater harvesting for increasing livestock forage on arid rangelands of Pakistan. Journal of Range Management 48 (6), 523-527. 51. Vahabi, J., 2003. Analysis of flood spreading systems and introducing research needs. Pajouhesh and Sazandegi, 60: 22-29. 52. Wang, M., Shi, S., Lin, F., Hao, Z., Jiang, P. and Dai, G., 2012. Effects of soil water and nitrogen on growth and photosynthetic response of Manchurian Ash (Fraxinus mandshurica) seedling in Northeastern China. Plos One 7 (2), 1-12. 53. Warren, J.M., Meinzer, F.C., Brooks, J.R. and Domec, J.C., 2005. Vertical stratification of soil water storage and release dynamics in Pacific Northwest coniferous forests. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 130 (1), 39-58.