The effect of growth-promoting bacteria Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Bacillus halotolerans and the use of biosolids on the physiological characteristics of Salvia hispanica under saline conditions

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Environmental Protection Agency

2 Yazd University, Faculty of Natural Resources and Desert Studies - Department of Arid and Desert Management,

3 Yazd University, Faculty of Natural Resources and Desert Studies - Department of Environment,

4 Yazd University, Faculty of Natural Resources and Desert Studies - Department of Arid and Desert

5 Yazd University, Faculty of Basic Sciences-Department of Biology,

‎10.22052/deej.2026.257979.1126

Abstract

This Research was conducted as a three-factorial factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications and for six months in field conditions. The factors studied included plant growth-promoting bacteria (four levels: no inoculation, inoculation with Bacillus halotolerans, inoculation with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and simultaneous inoculation of both bacteria), irrigation water salinity stress (four levels: control 0.3, 4, 8 and 12 dS/m) and biosolids (three levels: no application, application 10 and 30 tons/ha). The results showed that salinity had a significant effect on reducing the uptake of elements, such that the uptake of phosphorus (20.3%), potassium (32.6%), calcium (31.7%) and chlorophyll (14.1%) decreased. In contrast, salinity stress led to an increase in antioxidants (160.3%), total phenols (88.2%) and proline (112%).. Simultaneous application of biosolids and bacteria increased leaf magnesium and calcium content by 10 and 11%, respectively. Under saline irrigation conditions, bacteria increased potassium (32.4%), calcium (37.6%), and phosphorus (60.1%) uptake and decreased sodium uptake by 32.5%. Bacterial inoculation, especially the combination of the two bacteria, increased soluble sugars (39.3%) and proline (137.7%) and decreased antioxidants (110.2%) and phenols (65.3%). Finally, inoculation of B. halotolerans and B. amyloliquefaciens bacteria improved plant tolerance to salinity. These results emphasize the need to integrate microbiological approaches and organic resource management in saline land reclamation programs.

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