Comparative analysis of soil physico-chemical properties in erodibility of various desert crusts (Case study: hills around Aji-Gol lake, Golestan province, Iran)

Authors

10.22052/deej.2018.7.21.25

Abstract

Introduction: During the past two decades, the attention has been paid to the role of biological crusts in dry and semi-arid ecosystems. According to the roles of soil surface crusts in improving physical and chemical characteristics, and lack of sufficient information on their inherent characteristics, this research can be useful in understanding the mechanism of these crusts.
 
Materials and methods: The purposes of this study were investigating the physicochemical characteristics, methods of measuring and computing of these characteristics for physical and biological soils crusts (lichens and moss), studying the characteristics of soil erodibility index and their mutual relationship in the around Aji-Gol lake located in Golestan province. In this study, after laboratory operations for determination of physicochemical parameters, the soil erosion index using empirical relationships was considered. In order to compare the physicochemical characteristics of physical and biological crusts (lichens and moss) in surface soil samples, different levels of significance were investigated using environment package of R software. Based on ANOVA, the differences between variables were considered in the three studied crusts (physical, lichen, and moss).
 
Results: The results of statistical tests for the soil particle erodibility index showed that there was no significant difference between physical crusts–lichens (P≥0.05), but there were significant differences between the physical crusts-moss and moss-lichens (P≤0.05).
 
Discussion and Conclusion: There were no significant differences among physicochemical characteristics of organic carbon content, EC, aggregate stability, sorption and average particle diameter, and moss-lichen crusts (P≥0.05). With regards to the size particles of the soil texture, there were significant differences among all the particles of clay, silt, and sand belonged to 3 types of crusts (with the exception of moss and lichen in the clay( (P≤0.05).

Keywords


1. Alavizadeh, F., Naseri, K., Golkariyan, A., Tavili, A., 2013. Investigating the role of biological crusts (mosses) in conservation From surface soil to water erosion (Case study: Rangelands around Torog Dam in Khorasan Razavi province), Pasture and Watershed Journal, Iranian Natural Resources Journal. 67, (1): 83-92. 2. Alinezhad, M., Hosseinalizade, M., Ownegh, M., Mohammadian Behbahani, A. M., 2017. Geomorpho-Pedological Analysis of Nebka Landscape in Sufikam Plain, Golestan Province. Journal of the Desert Ecosystem Engineering, Sixth year, number sixteen, Page 59-70. 3. Asgari, H.R, Sarparst, M., 2013. Effect of hailing on soil erosion indices In sandy lands Taibad. Quarterly Journal of Research Environmental erosion research, Third Year, Issue, Summer 2013, pp. 1-10. 4. Bar-Or, Y., Danin, A., 1989. Mechanisms of cyanobacterial crust formations and soilstabilization in the northwestern Negev. Israel Society of Microbiology, 13: 55-64. 5. Barzegar, A. R., 2010. Fundamentals of Soil Physics. Shahid Chamran University Press. First Edition. 346 pages. 6. Baybordy, M., 1993. Soil Physics. Tehran University Press, 671p. (In Persian). 7. Belnap, J., 2003. Comparative Sturcture of Physical and Biological Soil Crusts. In: J. Belnap and O.L. Lange (eds). Biological Soil Crust: Structure, Function, and management. Springer-Verlag Berlin Hildberg. 2nd edition. 8. Belnap, J. 2006. The potential roles of biological soil crusts in dryland hydrologic cycles. Hydrological Processes, 20(15): 3159-3178. 9. Belnap, J. Laxalt M., Peterson P., 2001. Biological soil crusts: ecology and management: Bureau of Land Management, National Science and Technology Center. 10. Beymer, R.J., Klopatek, J.M., 1991. Potential contribution of carbon by microphytic crusts in pinyon-juniper woodlands. Arid soil Research and Rehabilitation, 5: 187-98. 11. Blott, S., 2000. A grain size distribution and statistics package for the analysis of unconsolidated sediments by sieving or laser granulometer. Surface processes and modern environments research group department of Geology, University of London. 12. Bouyoucos, G. J., 1935. The clay ratio as a criterion of the susceptibility of soils to erosion.J. Am. Soc. Agron., 27: 738–741. 13. Chamizo S., Cantón Y., Lázaro R., Solé-Benet A., Domingo, F., 2012. Crust composition and disturbance drive infiltration through biological soil crusts in semiarid ecosystems. Ecosystems, 15(1): 148-161. 14. Coppola A., Basile A., Wang X., Comegna V., Tedeschi A., Mele G., Comegna, A., 2011. Hydrological behaviour of microbiotic crusts on sand dunes: Example from NW China comparing infiltration in crusted and crustremoved soil. Soil and Tillage Research, 117(0): 34-43. 15. Dainin, A., Ganor, E., 1991. Trapping of airborn dust by mosses in the Negev Desert Earth Surf process Landforms, 16: 153-162. 16. Delavary Kamyab, A., Khosravany, M. H., Rahbarniea, M., 2010. "Assessment of methods to determine the threshold_velocity of wind erosion in Kavire Mighan. "first national conference on desertification and sustainable development of Iran's desert lagoons. Arak. 17. Eldridge, D. J., Bowker M., Maestre F., Alonso P., Mau R., Papadopoulos J., Escudero, A., 2010. Interactive Effects of Three Ecosystem Engineers on Infiltration in a Semi-Arid Mediterranean Grassland. Ecosystems, 13(4): 499-510. 18. Eldridge D.J., Greene, R.S.B., 1994. Assessment of sediment yield from a semi-arid red earth with varying cover of cryptogams. J. Arzd Envir. 26, (in press). 19. Falahatkar, S., 2014. Management of soil carbonization in agricultural lands using the EPIC model, the 3rd National Conference on Environmental Natural Resources in Kurdistan, Kurdistan University. 20. Folk, R. L., 1974. Petrology of sedimentary rocks. Hemphill Publishing Company, Austin Texas, 182 p. 21. Honardust, F., Vahedberdi, Sh, M., Birudian, N., Adhami mojarrad, M., 2009. "Evaluation and control planning of soil erosion using Scalogram Model". 5 th National Conference on Science and Engineering Watershed Management Iran, Iran Watershed Association. Karaj. 22. Kakeh, J., Gorji, M., 2014. Studying The Effects of Biological Soil Crusts on Soil Saline-Sodic Properties (Rangeland of Qare Qir, Golestan Province). Journal of Water and Soil, 28(1): 230-238. 23. Kavadir, Y., Ozcan, H., Kinci, H., Yigini, Y., 2004. The influence of clay content organic carbon and land use type on soil aggregate stability tensile strength. Tork. J. Agron. 28:155-162. 24. Kleiner, E.F., Harper, K.T., 1972. Environment and community organization in grasslands on Canyonlands National Park. Ecology, 53(2): 299-309. 25. .Klute, A. 1986. Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 1-Physical and Mineralogical Methods. 2nd ED. Soil science society of America. 1188p. 26. Lal, R., 2003. Soil erosion and global carbon budget. Environ. Inter. J. 29(4): 437-450. 27. Lopez, M.V., J.M. de Dios Herrero, G.G. Hevia, R. Gracia, D.E., Buschiazzo, 2007. Determination of the wind-erodible fraction of soils using different methodologies. Geo derma, 139:407-411. 28. Mahmoodabadi, M., Deghani, F., Azimzadeh, H. R., 2011. Study of the effect of soil particle size distribution On the severity of wind erosion. Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production, 1 (1): 98-81. 29. Mahmoody, SH., Hakimian, M., 1997. Fundumentals of soil science. Tehran University Press, 701p. (In Persian). 30. Mojallali, H., 2007. Soil Chemistry. Bohen, Publication Center for Academic Publishing. Third edition. 343 pages. 31. Niknahad GHormakhar, H., Hoosainalizadeh, M., Komaki, Ch .B., Toghdari, A., Ashrafzadeh, M., 2017. Survey the relationship between biological crusts whit Soil characteristics and forage quality of some plant species. Research project report, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Design ID: 93-324-33. 32. Nordstrom, K.F., Hotta, S., 2004. Wind erosion from cropland in the USA: a review of problems, solutions and prospects. Geoderma. 121 (3-4): 157-167. 33. Ostan, SH., 2004. Soil chemistry with environmental perception. First edition. Tabriz University Press. 454 pages. 34. Ownegh, M., Honardoust, F., Karimi Sang chini, E., 2013. Geotourism Attractions of Quaternary Phenomena in Sedimentary Basin of Gorgan Plain, Iran. Scientific Quarterly Journal, Geosciences 22, 93-100. 35. Phillips, S.L., Belnap, J., 1998. Shifting carbon dynamics due to the effects Of Bromus tectorum invasion on biological soil crusts. Ecological Bulletin, 79: 205. 36. Roldan, A., Garcia, F., Lax, A., 1994. An incubation experiment to determine factors involving aggregation changes in an arid soil receiving urban refuses, Soil Biochem. 26: 1699-1707. 37. Van Bavel, C.M., 1949. Mean weight diameter of soil aggregates as a statistical index of aggregation. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 14: 20-23. 38. Walkly, A., Black, I. A., 1934. An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science 37, 29-38. 39. Whalen, J.K., Chang, C., 2002. Macroaggregate characteristics for sustainable land use in Danangou catchment of the Loess Plateau, China, Catena, 54: 17-29. 40. Yang, S., Lian, Y. L., Yan, P., Tong C., 2005. A review of soil erodibility in water and wind erosion research. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 15(2):167-176.