دانشگاه کاشان مهندسی اکوسیستم بیابان 2538-6336 12 شماره 10و 11 انگلیسی 2023 08 23 Identifying Dust Storm-Prone Areas Using Google Earth Engine Data and Classified Variable Data Mining Methods: A Case Study of Yazd Province, Iran Identifying Dust Storm-Prone Areas Using Google Earth Engine Data and Classified Variable Data Mining Methods: A Case Study of Yazd Province, Iran 1 14 114092 FA محمد کاظمی Hormozgan University عاطفه جعفرپور دانشگاه تربیت مدرس رضا نادری Researcher Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Department, Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Journal Article 2023 05 28 As complex climatic events, dust storms could be managed by considering their nature and attributes. Therefore, this study sought to investigate interactions between the aerosol optical depth index and climatic land surface characteristics using data mining and zoning techniques in dust-prone regions of the Yazd province, Iran. To this end, the required data was collected from several climatic products of the University of Idaho and Modis Sensor for the 2000–2017 period using Google Earth Engine. Moreover, the image of the maximum dust was processed using AOD Modis and ENVI 5.1 software. Then, the underlying correlation between the variables was identified through various data mining techniques. In addition, the ROC curve was used for cross-validation, and different metrics were applied to assess the model, including Square Root of Error, Absolute Normalized Error, Classification Error, Absolute Error, and Crucial Class Fraction Ratio. Finally, the best data mining approach was used to determine the location and zoning of dust-prone regions. The findings of the study indicated that the decision tree outperformed the Bayesian theory with 89.53% accuracy and that it performed better than the nearest neighbor with an accuracy of 61.3% and 81.31%, respectively. As for the validation of the models, the decision tree methods, nearest neighbor search, and Bayesian network theory showed 74.21%, 64.39%, and 55.42% values, respectively. Moreover, in regions with crucial harvest and dust ranges, wind speed and soil surface moisture were found to have the most significant role. On the other hand, the zoning of dust-prone regions revealed that 888,067067 Km2 of areas were covered with the highest concentrations of dust, most of which were located in the central and eastern parts of Yazd province, with the AOD values being 0.465, 0.309, 0.162, and 0.065 for the ranges of 0-0.036, 0.036-0.072, 0.072-0.107, and 0.107-0.3, respectively. As complex climatic events, dust storms could be managed by considering their nature and attributes. Therefore, this study sought to investigate interactions between the aerosol optical depth index and climatic land surface characteristics using data mining and zoning techniques in dust-prone regions of the Yazd province, Iran. To this end, the required data was collected from several climatic products of the University of Idaho and Modis Sensor for the 2000–2017 period using Google Earth Engine. Moreover, the image of the maximum dust was processed using AOD Modis and ENVI 5.1 software. Then, the underlying correlation between the variables was identified through various data mining techniques. In addition, the ROC curve was used for cross-validation, and different metrics were applied to assess the model, including Square Root of Error, Absolute Normalized Error, Classification Error, Absolute Error, and Crucial Class Fraction Ratio. Finally, the best data mining approach was used to determine the location and zoning of dust-prone regions. The findings of the study indicated that the decision tree outperformed the Bayesian theory with 89.53% accuracy and that it performed better than the nearest neighbor with an accuracy of 61.3% and 81.31%, respectively. As for the validation of the models, the decision tree methods, nearest neighbor search, and Bayesian network theory showed 74.21%, 64.39%, and 55.42% values, respectively. Moreover, in regions with crucial harvest and dust ranges, wind speed and soil surface moisture were found to have the most significant role. On the other hand, the zoning of dust-prone regions revealed that 888,067067 Km2 of areas were covered with the highest concentrations of dust, most of which were located in the central and eastern parts of Yazd province, with the AOD values being 0.465, 0.309, 0.162, and 0.065 for the ranges of 0-0.036, 0.036-0.072, 0.072-0.107, and 0.107-0.3, respectively.

https://deej.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114092_e408fe46684e6cdf3a338529c3f92b65.pdf

دانشگاه کاشان مهندسی اکوسیستم بیابان 2538-6336 12 شماره 10و 11 انگلیسی 2023 08 23 Exploring the Saltiness Resilience of one Rangeland's Species (Agropyron desertorum) in Several Phenological Stages Exploring the Saltiness Resilience of one Rangeland's Species (Agropyron desertorum) in Several Phenological Stages 15 24 114119 ‎10.22052/deej.2023.114119 FA رضا دهقانی بیدگلی دانشگاه کاشان Journal Article 2023 12 30 The Resistance to environmental salinity in rangeland plant species has different mechanisms, and one of the most effective factors in this field is different phenological stages. In The current study salinity tolerance of one rangeland's species (Agropyron desertorum) at different phenological stages was examined. The treatments included five saline irrigation levels: 0.50 (Well water as control), 2, 4, 8 and 10 dS m-1 and three phenological stages at which salinity was applied: Germination, (2-leaf), flowering and before seeding. Growth parameters, ions accumulation and oxidative effects in this rangeland's spices were evaluated. According to the results, the effect of salinity varied from phenological stages and a significant reduction in plant shoot and root dry weights, root length, height, and potassium (shoot and root) concentration was observed under salinity stress. Also, tissue sodium concentration and antioxidant enzymes activities were enhanced due to salt stress.The negative effects on growth parameters and biochemical attributes were quite evident in higher levels of salinity. The salt stress at the early phenological stage had a more severe effect on plant growth than that applied at the later phenological stages. Based on Van-Genuchtan and Hoffman equation, the salt tolerance threshold analysis worked out as 50% reduction of Agropyron desertorum that were 6.50, 7.98 and 10.00 dS m-1 at germination, (2-leaf), flowering and before seeding, respectively. However, the plants were able to recover in terms of accumulation of ion and antioxidant enzymes as well as those without stress when salt stress was introduced at the seed germination stage. Overall, Agropyron desertorum has been shown to have a sensitivity at early phenology and relatively tolerance in subsequent phases of development. The Resistance to environmental salinity in rangeland plant species has different mechanisms, and one of the most effective factors in this field is different phenological stages. In The current study salinity tolerance of one rangeland's species (Agropyron desertorum) at different phenological stages was examined. The treatments included five saline irrigation levels: 0.50 (Well water as control), 2, 4, 8 and 10 dS m-1 and three phenological stages at which salinity was applied: Germination, (2-leaf), flowering and before seeding. Growth parameters, ions accumulation and oxidative effects in this rangeland's spices were evaluated. According to the results, the effect of salinity varied from phenological stages and a significant reduction in plant shoot and root dry weights, root length, height, and potassium (shoot and root) concentration was observed under salinity stress. Also, tissue sodium concentration and antioxidant enzymes activities were enhanced due to salt stress.The negative effects on growth parameters and biochemical attributes were quite evident in higher levels of salinity. The salt stress at the early phenological stage had a more severe effect on plant growth than that applied at the later phenological stages. Based on Van-Genuchtan and Hoffman equation, the salt tolerance threshold analysis worked out as 50% reduction of Agropyron desertorum that were 6.50, 7.98 and 10.00 dS m-1 at germination, (2-leaf), flowering and before seeding, respectively. However, the plants were able to recover in terms of accumulation of ion and antioxidant enzymes as well as those without stress when salt stress was introduced at the seed germination stage. Overall, Agropyron desertorum has been shown to have a sensitivity at early phenology and relatively tolerance in subsequent phases of development.

https://deej.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114119_56097fb6c4a717f02880aa3881063be6.pdf

دانشگاه کاشان مهندسی اکوسیستم بیابان 2538-6336 12 شماره 10و 11 انگلیسی 2023 08 23 Investigating the Best Representative Dust Activities Index, Its Spatial-Temporal Changes, and Its Relationship with Environmental Factors in Iranian Dry Areas Investigating the Best Representative Dust Activities Index, Its Spatial-Temporal Changes, and Its Relationship with Environmental Factors in Iranian Dry Areas 25 38 114121 FA زهره ابراهیمی خوسفی Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Jiroft, Jiroft, Iran محسن ابراهیمی خوسفی Department of Geography, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. مریم میراکبری Postdoctoral Researcher, Faculty of Geographical Sciences and Planning, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Journal Article 2023 12 30 The current study primarily sought to select the best index for elaborating on dust activities, analyze the temporal and spatial changes of the index’s trend, and examine the relationship of the index with environmental factors in Iranian dry regions. To this end, the study examined the data collected on dust concentration, dust storm index, the number of dusty days (NDD), the pollution caused by dust storms, and the frequency of all dust events over a period of 18 years (2001-2018) using the MODIS-aerosols optical depth (AOD) product. Moreover, Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to analyze the correlation between the indices and AOD data sets. On the other hand, the trend of the best index annual changes in twenty-eight Iranian urban areas was analyzed using the Mann-Kendall method. Also, the most important environmental factors controlling dust activities in high-risk areas were identified using the random forest model. The results of the study indicated a strong correlation between NDD and AOD in Iranian dry regions (r= 0.7; p-value= 0.001). It was also found that the trend of NDD’s annual changes significantly increased in Torbat Heydarieh, Nehbandan, and Anar (Z>+1.96). However, the trend significantly decreased in Chabahar and Iranshahr (Z>│-1.96│. Generally, the results indicated an insignificant decreasing trend of annual NDD changes across the entire Iranian arid regions from 2001 to 2018 (Z= -0.45). on the other hand, the random forest model suggested that air pressure and wind speed exerted the greatest influence on dust activities that occurred in Iran’s high-risk area throughout the study period. Therefore, it could be argued that the findings of this study can help better monitor dust events and reduce their environmental risks in Iranian dry areas. The current study primarily sought to select the best index for elaborating on dust activities, analyze the temporal and spatial changes of the index’s trend, and examine the relationship of the index with environmental factors in Iranian dry regions. To this end, the study examined the data collected on dust concentration, dust storm index, the number of dusty days (NDD), the pollution caused by dust storms, and the frequency of all dust events over a period of 18 years (2001-2018) using the MODIS-aerosols optical depth (AOD) product. Moreover, Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to analyze the correlation between the indices and AOD data sets. On the other hand, the trend of the best index annual changes in twenty-eight Iranian urban areas was analyzed using the Mann-Kendall method. Also, the most important environmental factors controlling dust activities in high-risk areas were identified using the random forest model. The results of the study indicated a strong correlation between NDD and AOD in Iranian dry regions (r= 0.7; p-value= 0.001). It was also found that the trend of NDD’s annual changes significantly increased in Torbat Heydarieh, Nehbandan, and Anar (Z>+1.96). However, the trend significantly decreased in Chabahar and Iranshahr (Z>│-1.96│. Generally, the results indicated an insignificant decreasing trend of annual NDD changes across the entire Iranian arid regions from 2001 to 2018 (Z= -0.45). on the other hand, the random forest model suggested that air pressure and wind speed exerted the greatest influence on dust activities that occurred in Iran’s high-risk area throughout the study period. Therefore, it could be argued that the findings of this study can help better monitor dust events and reduce their environmental risks in Iranian dry areas.

https://deej.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114121_c54e857adecb0e8c048505b713c478b0.pdf

دانشگاه کاشان مهندسی اکوسیستم بیابان 2538-6336 12 شماره 10و 11 انگلیسی 2023 08 23 A Framework for Quantifying Biophilic Condition of Cities in Arid Regions: A Case Study of Yazd, Iran A Framework for Quantifying Biophilic Condition of Cities in Arid Regions: A Case Study of Yazd, Iran 39 54 114324 10.22052/JDEE.2024.253595.1090 FA مهدیه ابوالحسنی Department of Natural Resources and Desert Studies, Yazd University, Yazd, iran احد ستوده Department of Natural Resources and Desert Studies, Yazd University, Yazd, iran پرستو پریوری Environmental Sciences Department, Natural Resources and Desert Studies Faculty, Yazd University علی روحانی Department of Social Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran Journal Article 2024 05 13 As the primary habitats for humans on Earth, cities are currently experiencing a wide range of environmental issues, including biophilic sickness. Cities in arid and semi-arid regions face more environmental problems compared to other areas, making it challenging yet crucial to manage these issues effectively. To develop strategies for achieving this objective, a comprehensive understanding of the current conditions is essential. Therefore, this study examined the current status of biophilic city indicators in Yazd as a case study. With a rich history of living in harmony with the nature of arid regions, Yazd is a valuable human heritage. However, in recent decades, significant changes in population and land use patterns have occurred. The indicators used to assess biophilic conditions in Yazd included citizens' biophilic knowledge, attitudes, and activities, urban infrastructure, water resources, climate, public health, biophilic institutions, and governance. These selected indicators were quantified using statistical, analytical, and descriptive data. Statistical data were obtained from government reports and offices, while analytical data were derived from satellite images. Descriptive data were collected through a questionnaire. To determine the sample size, Cochran’s formula was utilized at a 95% confidence level, resulting in a sample size of 384 individuals based on the Yazd population (529,673 people based on the 2016 census). Finally, the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was used to quantify the biophilic status of Yazd based on the weighting and scoring of indicators. The findings indicate that Yazd falls short of being biophilic due to inadequate planning for arid climatic conditions, lack of capacity building in community and education-related management institutions, absence of a citizen-centered culture, and insufficient urban infrastructure. Consequently, substantial modifications in planning and implementation, management practices, educational initiatives, and cultural norms are necessary in Yazd to safeguard the urban environment and enhance biophilic city indicators. As the primary habitats for humans on Earth, cities are currently experiencing a wide range of environmental issues, including biophilic sickness. Cities in arid and semi-arid regions face more environmental problems compared to other areas, making it challenging yet crucial to manage these issues effectively. To develop strategies for achieving this objective, a comprehensive understanding of the current conditions is essential. Therefore, this study examined the current status of biophilic city indicators in Yazd as a case study. With a rich history of living in harmony with the nature of arid regions, Yazd is a valuable human heritage. However, in recent decades, significant changes in population and land use patterns have occurred. The indicators used to assess biophilic conditions in Yazd included citizens' biophilic knowledge, attitudes, and activities, urban infrastructure, water resources, climate, public health, biophilic institutions, and governance. These selected indicators were quantified using statistical, analytical, and descriptive data. Statistical data were obtained from government reports and offices, while analytical data were derived from satellite images. Descriptive data were collected through a questionnaire. To determine the sample size, Cochran’s formula was utilized at a 95% confidence level, resulting in a sample size of 384 individuals based on the Yazd population (529,673 people based on the 2016 census). Finally, the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was used to quantify the biophilic status of Yazd based on the weighting and scoring of indicators. The findings indicate that Yazd falls short of being biophilic due to inadequate planning for arid climatic conditions, lack of capacity building in community and education-related management institutions, absence of a citizen-centered culture, and insufficient urban infrastructure. Consequently, substantial modifications in planning and implementation, management practices, educational initiatives, and cultural norms are necessary in Yazd to safeguard the urban environment and enhance biophilic city indicators.

https://deej.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114324_c60706a21ea5624f92ef7bb12dfd835d.pdf

دانشگاه کاشان مهندسی اکوسیستم بیابان 2538-6336 12 شماره 10و 11 انگلیسی 2023 08 23 Modeling Fire in Arid Rangelands of Northeastern Iran: A Case Study of Namakzar Watershed, Khaf, Iran Modeling Fire in Arid Rangelands of Northeastern Iran: A Case Study of Namakzar Watershed, Khaf, Iran 55 68 114341 10.22052/JDEE.2024.253933.1097 FA سمیه شجاعی Postgraduate student, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Torbat Heydarieh, Torbat Heydarieh, Iran مهدی بشیری Assistant Professor, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Torbat Heydarieh, Torbat Heydarieh, Iran محمد رضا راهداری Assistant Professor, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Torbat Heydarieh, Torbat Heydarieh, Iran حسین صحابی Assistant Professor, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Torbat Heydarieh, Torbat Heydarieh, Iran Journal Article 2024 05 20 Arid regions’ ecosystems are known as delicate responsive environments, where the effective management and regulation of natural events are essential for maintaining their suitability and promoting sustainable practices. Therefore, this study sought to investigate the extent of fire propagation in the arid rangelands of the Namakzar watershed in terms of topographical (altitude, aspect, slope), climatic (precipitation, temperature), ecological (NDVI), and human factors (distance from the roadway and residential areas) using the geographical information system (GIS) and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. The findings revealed that southwestern and northeastern regions had a great potential for fire occurrences (8%). Moreover, it was found that the middle class (17%) was dispersed in patches, tending to move from the central region towards the eastern and southwestern areas. Moreover, the regions with low or very low-risk status were identified to have made up nearly 75% of the total area of the region. On the other hand, the results of the AHP indicated that temperature (0.20) contributed the most to the fire incidence, followed by aspect (0.17), vegetation (0.17), and distance from residential areas (0.16). Furthermore, the results suggested that modifications in the slope (0.017) and elevation (0.02) of the region exerted negligible influence on the incidence of fire. Therefore, to minimize the chances of the occurrence of such incidents, managers are recommended to employ nearby communities' local knowledge and cooperation in implementing new techniques to control fire incidence in pastures. Arid regions’ ecosystems are known as delicate responsive environments, where the effective management and regulation of natural events are essential for maintaining their suitability and promoting sustainable practices. Therefore, this study sought to investigate the extent of fire propagation in the arid rangelands of the Namakzar watershed in terms of topographical (altitude, aspect, slope), climatic (precipitation, temperature), ecological (NDVI), and human factors (distance from the roadway and residential areas) using the geographical information system (GIS) and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. The findings revealed that southwestern and northeastern regions had a great potential for fire occurrences (8%). Moreover, it was found that the middle class (17%) was dispersed in patches, tending to move from the central region towards the eastern and southwestern areas. Moreover, the regions with low or very low-risk status were identified to have made up nearly 75% of the total area of the region. On the other hand, the results of the AHP indicated that temperature (0.20) contributed the most to the fire incidence, followed by aspect (0.17), vegetation (0.17), and distance from residential areas (0.16). Furthermore, the results suggested that modifications in the slope (0.017) and elevation (0.02) of the region exerted negligible influence on the incidence of fire. Therefore, to minimize the chances of the occurrence of such incidents, managers are recommended to employ nearby communities' local knowledge and cooperation in implementing new techniques to control fire incidence in pastures.

https://deej.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114341_b0e6854f19755876cc1c5047f6e6581a.pdf

دانشگاه کاشان مهندسی اکوسیستم بیابان 2538-6336 12 شماره 10و 11 انگلیسی 2023 08 23 Effects of Land Use Changes and Human Activities on the Temporal and Spatial Variations of Water Quality in the Aras Border River Effects of Land Use Changes and Human Activities on the Temporal and Spatial Variations of Water Quality in the Aras Border River 69 80 114380 10.22052/JDEE.2024.246506.1080 FA بهنام فرید Department of Watershed Management Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources and Earth Sciences, University of Kashan, Iran رضا قضاوی کاشان دانشگاه کاشان دانشکده منابع طبیعی Journal Article 2024 06 15 The increase in human population, expansion of residential areas, and change in land use are putting pressure on water resources. Human activities such as industrial and urban development, farming, combustion of fossil fuels, and alterations to stream-channels impact both quality and quantity of water. The main goal of this study was to examine the impact of land use changes on the temporal and spatial variation of water quality in the Aras River. To achieve this, changes in land use within the Aras River watershed were analyzed for the years 1995, 2001, 2010 and 2016, using MSS, ETM and OLI images of Landsat satellites. The non-parametric Mann-Kendall test was utilized to assess trend in changes over the study period. Results showed that, the amount of rangeland decreased by 15.21% from 1995 to 2016, while agricultural land and urban areas increased by 14.33% and 0.87% respectively. Various water quality parameters, such as BOD, TDS, EC, nitrate, phosphate and sulfate exhibited an increasing trend, with a more pronounced increase observed from 2010 to 2016. All qualitative parameters showed a positive upward trend. The changes in land use had significant impact on the quality of the Aras water. It is crucial to implement measures to prevent pollution of the Aras River in order to avoid future issues. The increase in human population, expansion of residential areas, and change in land use are putting pressure on water resources. Human activities such as industrial and urban development, farming, combustion of fossil fuels, and alterations to stream-channels impact both quality and quantity of water. The main goal of this study was to examine the impact of land use changes on the temporal and spatial variation of water quality in the Aras River. To achieve this, changes in land use within the Aras River watershed were analyzed for the years 1995, 2001, 2010 and 2016, using MSS, ETM and OLI images of Landsat satellites. The non-parametric Mann-Kendall test was utilized to assess trend in changes over the study period. Results showed that, the amount of rangeland decreased by 15.21% from 1995 to 2016, while agricultural land and urban areas increased by 14.33% and 0.87% respectively. Various water quality parameters, such as BOD, TDS, EC, nitrate, phosphate and sulfate exhibited an increasing trend, with a more pronounced increase observed from 2010 to 2016. All qualitative parameters showed a positive upward trend. The changes in land use had significant impact on the quality of the Aras water. It is crucial to implement measures to prevent pollution of the Aras River in order to avoid future issues.

https://deej.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114380_91f16a10008fd3afd0a41f68f7b0e559.pdf

دانشگاه کاشان مهندسی اکوسیستم بیابان 2538-6336 12 شماره 10و 11 انگلیسی 2023 08 23 Investigating Salt Effect Correction for δ18O and δ2H in Saline/Brine Groundwater Samples Investigating Salt Effect Correction for δ18O and δ2H in Saline/Brine Groundwater Samples 81 88 114386 ‎10.22052/deej.2024.254493.1047 FA محمد میرزاوند گروه علوم و فناوری‌های محیطی، دانشکده مهندسی انرژی و منابع پایدار، دانشگاه تهران، صندوق پستی: 141556619، تهران- ایران هدی قاسمیه دانشکده منابع طبیعی و علوم زمین، دانشگاه کاشان، کاشان، ایران سید جواد ساداتی نژاد دانشکده مهندسی انرژی و ممنابع پایدار، دانشگاه تهران رحیم باقری گروه زمین شناسی، دانشگاه صنعتی شاهرود جولین والتر Professor, Department of Applied Sciences, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Saguenay, QC, G7H 2B1, Canada Journal Article 2024 02 29 This study focuses on the Kashan Plain Aquifer (KPA), an emblematic case in Iran, where over-pumping groundwater intensifies salinity. Employing advanced isotopic techniques, specifically analyzing stable water molecule isotopes (δ18O and δ2H) through the Gasbench+DeltaPlusXP method, the current study addresses the intricate nature of saline waters by analyzing geochemistry and isotopes of 15 groundwater samples. It should be noted that the electric conductivity (EC) of the water samples varied from 2210 to 212000, with their mean value being 65499 μS/cm. The study also investigates the impact of salinity on isotopic values, considering ion hydration and salt effects that are crucial for accurate measurements. The results of the study revealed that δ18O values ranged between -8.4 to 6 and -8.38 to 6.48 % before and after salt effect correction, respectively. Moreover, it was found that the average δ18O values varied from -4.58 to -4.49 % before and after salt effect correction. In addition, the disparity between measured and corrected δ18O revealed the impact of MgCl2, and CaCl2 salts on δ18O in all collected samples. However, no difference was found between measured and corrected δ2H. Therefore, while the findings indicate the necessity of salinity correction for δ18O, it appears that salinity correction bears less significance for δ2H. This study focuses on the Kashan Plain Aquifer (KPA), an emblematic case in Iran, where over-pumping groundwater intensifies salinity. Employing advanced isotopic techniques, specifically analyzing stable water molecule isotopes (δ18O and δ2H) through the Gasbench+DeltaPlusXP method, the current study addresses the intricate nature of saline waters by analyzing geochemistry and isotopes of 15 groundwater samples. It should be noted that the electric conductivity (EC) of the water samples varied from 2210 to 212000, with their mean value being 65499 μS/cm. The study also investigates the impact of salinity on isotopic values, considering ion hydration and salt effects that are crucial for accurate measurements. The results of the study revealed that δ18O values ranged between -8.4 to 6 and -8.38 to 6.48 % before and after salt effect correction, respectively. Moreover, it was found that the average δ18O values varied from -4.58 to -4.49 % before and after salt effect correction. In addition, the disparity between measured and corrected δ18O revealed the impact of MgCl2, and CaCl2 salts on δ18O in all collected samples. However, no difference was found between measured and corrected δ2H. Therefore, while the findings indicate the necessity of salinity correction for δ18O, it appears that salinity correction bears less significance for δ2H.

https://deej.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114386_980ec0a2c107af81277507d6401be60c.pdf