دانشگاه کاشان مهندسی اکوسیستم بیابان 2538-6336 7 شماره 2 انگلیسی 2018 11 22 Analysis of Erosive Winds and Sand Drift Potential in Central Iran Analysis of Erosive Winds and Sand Drift Potential in Central Iran 1 10 114055 FA امیرحسین پارسامهر Instructor, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Fasa University, Fasa, Iran عباسعلی ولی Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, College of combat to desertification, university of kashan, kashan,Iran زهرا خسروانی Ph. D Student of De-desertification, Faculty of Natural Resources and Desert Studies, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran Journal Article 2018 06 24 In desert biome, the wind has an important role in erosion. The rate of wind energy and its direction variability have a significant control over the morphology and maintenance of aeolian landforms. The objective of this research is to investigate erosive winds and sandy sediments drift in Central Iran. For this purpose, the anemometric data from 1996 to 2015 of 11 stations were analyzed by WRPLOT software. To determine the wind direction, the annual wind rose and sand rose were drawn. The results obtained from the analysis of wind rose data revealed that the maximum frequency percentage was for the class 4-7 knot. The results showed that the dominant drift directions are NW, W, and SW toward N, NE, and E. The maximum and minimum total sand drift potential were 1245.2 and 57.9 vector units that are related to Abarkouh and Behabad stations, respectively. In desert biome, the wind has an important role in erosion. The rate of wind energy and its direction variability have a significant control over the morphology and maintenance of aeolian landforms. The objective of this research is to investigate erosive winds and sandy sediments drift in Central Iran. For this purpose, the anemometric data from 1996 to 2015 of 11 stations were analyzed by WRPLOT software. To determine the wind direction, the annual wind rose and sand rose were drawn. The results obtained from the analysis of wind rose data revealed that the maximum frequency percentage was for the class 4-7 knot. The results showed that the dominant drift directions are NW, W, and SW toward N, NE, and E. The maximum and minimum total sand drift potential were 1245.2 and 57.9 vector units that are related to Abarkouh and Behabad stations, respectively.

https://deej.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114055_bc13a5c8438b5f5839593a295b3f1a1c.pdf

دانشگاه کاشان مهندسی اکوسیستم بیابان 2538-6336 7 شماره 2 انگلیسی 2018 11 22 Temporal water balance of precipitation behavior in the sand dunes of Hares-Abad area, Sabzevar, Iran Temporal water balance of precipitation behavior in the sand dunes of Hares-Abad area, Sabzevar, Iran 11 22 114056 FA بایرام کمکی Department of Arid Zone Management, Faculty of Rangeland and Watershed Management, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources (GUASNR), Gorgan, Iran محمدتقی کاشکی مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خراسان رضوی Journal Article 2018 09 01 With announcing of the condition of water balance in sand dunes, it is easily possible biological reclamation and sustainable management of arid lands. To this end, a survey with eight vertical profiles was conducted in the sand dunes near Hares-Abad, Sabzevar, Iran, taking into account the effective factors in water balance in the soil moisture control section. Considering the morphology of sand dunes, the measurements were concentrated on two kinds of sand dunes including affixed sand dune and an active one, where the samples were distributed well on the different slopes of the active dune (three samples each from both the windward slope and the leeward slope, and one sample from the crest of the dune, and a sample as control from the fixed sand dune). Monthly moisture variations in the soil moisture control section were measured by TDR (time-domain reflectometry sensors) over two water years from 2014 to 2016. Besides, evapotranspiration rate was also calculated by the equation of water balance based on temperature and precipitation data. The findings show that the sand dunes in the study area are classified as non-infiltrative; that is to say that excess water does not reach aquifer. With announcing of the condition of water balance in sand dunes, it is easily possible biological reclamation and sustainable management of arid lands. To this end, a survey with eight vertical profiles was conducted in the sand dunes near Hares-Abad, Sabzevar, Iran, taking into account the effective factors in water balance in the soil moisture control section. Considering the morphology of sand dunes, the measurements were concentrated on two kinds of sand dunes including affixed sand dune and an active one, where the samples were distributed well on the different slopes of the active dune (three samples each from both the windward slope and the leeward slope, and one sample from the crest of the dune, and a sample as control from the fixed sand dune). Monthly moisture variations in the soil moisture control section were measured by TDR (time-domain reflectometry sensors) over two water years from 2014 to 2016. Besides, evapotranspiration rate was also calculated by the equation of water balance based on temperature and precipitation data. The findings show that the sand dunes in the study area are classified as non-infiltrative; that is to say that excess water does not reach aquifer.

https://deej.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114056_72e31f769cc7b8406b4802d7a9998850.pdf

دانشگاه کاشان مهندسی اکوسیستم بیابان 2538-6336 7 شماره 2 انگلیسی 2018 11 22 Evaluation of Change in Bioclimatic Indices in South of Iran Under Climate Change Conditions Evaluation of Change in Bioclimatic Indices in South of Iran Under Climate Change Conditions 23 32 114057 FA اکبر شائمی Faculty of Payamenoor, Aranbidgol, Iran Journal Article 2018 10 02 In recent years, the issue of climate change especially its impacts investigate by use of world bioclimatic classification systems (WBCS) that are coupled with climate change models.The Rivas Martinez classification that is a hierarchical method, uses a set of climate variables and biochemical index, it has its own subgroups.; macrobioclimatology, bioclimate, thermotype and ambrotype. Indicators used in this method are: simple continentality index, annual ambrothermic index, thermal index and compensated thermicity index. In order to evaluate the change in bioclimatic index of the Martinez method under climate change conditions in south of Iran, we used the output data of the HadGEM2.ES model as one of the CMIP5 models with appropriate spatial resolution and the two scenarios RCP8.5 & RCP4.5 The strength of model is determined based on the weight gain method. The results of this study indicate that, generally, under the implementation of pessimistic and optimistic scenarios, the rate of ambrothermic decreases, which means that the environmental conditions become drier. The thermal index, which evaluates the cold intensity during the cold period, as a limiting factor for the growth and development of plant communities will increase. The core of increase of this indicator is relatively large and has an extension to the west of the provinces of Hormozgan, south of Fars and west of Kerman province. Also, the output of the model indicates that a decrease of continentality index for the future period. The reason for this decrease is due to an unbalanced temperature increase during the warm and cold seasons. The implementation of global climate change models also confirms this. The yearly positive temperature shows decreasing trend due to the transfer of periods that will experience a zero temperature threshold under the warming conditions. In recent years, the issue of climate change especially its impacts investigate by use of world bioclimatic classification systems (WBCS) that are coupled with climate change models.The Rivas Martinez classification that is a hierarchical method, uses a set of climate variables and biochemical index, it has its own subgroups.; macrobioclimatology, bioclimate, thermotype and ambrotype. Indicators used in this method are: simple continentality index, annual ambrothermic index, thermal index and compensated thermicity index. In order to evaluate the change in bioclimatic index of the Martinez method under climate change conditions in south of Iran, we used the output data of the HadGEM2.ES model as one of the CMIP5 models with appropriate spatial resolution and the two scenarios RCP8.5 & RCP4.5 The strength of model is determined based on the weight gain method. The results of this study indicate that, generally, under the implementation of pessimistic and optimistic scenarios, the rate of ambrothermic decreases, which means that the environmental conditions become drier. The thermal index, which evaluates the cold intensity during the cold period, as a limiting factor for the growth and development of plant communities will increase. The core of increase of this indicator is relatively large and has an extension to the west of the provinces of Hormozgan, south of Fars and west of Kerman province. Also, the output of the model indicates that a decrease of continentality index for the future period. The reason for this decrease is due to an unbalanced temperature increase during the warm and cold seasons. The implementation of global climate change models also confirms this. The yearly positive temperature shows decreasing trend due to the transfer of periods that will experience a zero temperature threshold under the warming conditions.

https://deej.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114057_e7e518ce652b9d5a8cd2cfc913866fbd.pdf

دانشگاه کاشان مهندسی اکوسیستم بیابان 2538-6336 7 شماره 2 انگلیسی 2018 11 22 Evaluating the Environmental Literacy of Tourists Visiting in Arid Regions (Case Study: Qom city) Evaluating the Environmental Literacy of Tourists Visiting in Arid Regions (Case Study: Qom city) 44 33 114058 FA محسن شاطریان Geography & Ecotourism - Natural resoueces - kashan university صدیقه کیانی Geography & Ecotourism - Natural resoueces - kashan university زهرا میرداداشی Geography & Ecotourism - Natural resoueces - kashan university Journal Article 2018 09 19 Contemporary environmental crisis is the result of human misunderstanding or ignorance in the world. Having thought about various environmental crises that human beings have undergone, we understand that what exacerbates these crises is ecological illiteracy, which causes a lot of problems in a society. Therefore, reforming environmental crisis, according to the environmentalists, is dependent on reforming human instruction and changing the attitude, insight and knowledge of human about his own destiny and his environment. This study aims at acquainting with knowledge, attitude and environmental behaviors of tourists visiting the arid city of Qom. 386 people were selected as the sample of the study via Cochran formula, 200 questionnaires were distributed among domestic tourists, and 186 questionnaires among foreign tourists. The research utilized a researcher-made questionnaire and face validity and Cronbach's alpha coefficient were used for confirming its validity and its reliability (0.762). SPSS software was used for descriptive analysis and one-sample t-test, and AMOS software was used for structural equation modeling. T-test results with a significant level less than 0.05 shows that tourists have environmental value, behavior, attitude and knowledge. Also, there is a significant correlation between these variables. The factor loadings are 0.96 between environmental knowledge and environmental attitudes of tourists, 0.65 between environmental knowledge and environmental values of tourists and 0.53 between environmental attitudes and environmental values of tourists, and reciprocal relationship is confirmed at the significance level of 0.000. It can be concluded that strengthening the environmental attitude of tourists will affect their environmental values. Strengthening educational systems and informing people can lead to favorable and sustainable behaviors in tourism communities. Contemporary environmental crisis is the result of human misunderstanding or ignorance in the world. Having thought about various environmental crises that human beings have undergone, we understand that what exacerbates these crises is ecological illiteracy, which causes a lot of problems in a society. Therefore, reforming environmental crisis, according to the environmentalists, is dependent on reforming human instruction and changing the attitude, insight and knowledge of human about his own destiny and his environment. This study aims at acquainting with knowledge, attitude and environmental behaviors of tourists visiting the arid city of Qom. 386 people were selected as the sample of the study via Cochran formula, 200 questionnaires were distributed among domestic tourists, and 186 questionnaires among foreign tourists. The research utilized a researcher-made questionnaire and face validity and Cronbach's alpha coefficient were used for confirming its validity and its reliability (0.762). SPSS software was used for descriptive analysis and one-sample t-test, and AMOS software was used for structural equation modeling. T-test results with a significant level less than 0.05 shows that tourists have environmental value, behavior, attitude and knowledge. Also, there is a significant correlation between these variables. The factor loadings are 0.96 between environmental knowledge and environmental attitudes of tourists, 0.65 between environmental knowledge and environmental values of tourists and 0.53 between environmental attitudes and environmental values of tourists, and reciprocal relationship is confirmed at the significance level of 0.000. It can be concluded that strengthening the environmental attitude of tourists will affect their environmental values. Strengthening educational systems and informing people can lead to favorable and sustainable behaviors in tourism communities.

https://deej.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114058_8d527325ac9edfa0338e009b5870c41b.pdf

دانشگاه کاشان مهندسی اکوسیستم بیابان 2538-6336 7 شماره 2 انگلیسی 2018 11 22 Drought Trend Assessment in Riverheads of Karkheh and Dez Basins based on Streamflow Drought Index (SDI) Drought Trend Assessment in Riverheads of Karkheh and Dez Basins based on Streamflow Drought Index (SDI) 45 54 114059 FA حسن خسروی University of Tehran هادی اسکندری دامنه PhD Student of Combating Desertification, Hormozgan University حامد اسکندری دامنه PhD Student of Combating Desertification, University of Tehran مسلم برجی PhD in Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Iran سارا نخعی نژاد فرد PhD Student of Combating Desertification, Hormozgan University Journal Article 2023 12 01 This paper focused on the phenomenon of drought defined by the streamflow drought index (SDI) at hydrometric stations in riverheads of Karkheh and Dez Basins in Lorestan province. For this purpose, the monthly discharge data from 21 hydrometric stations were used over the period 1975-2011. The Mann-Kendall and Sen's Estimate methods were applied to explore the trends in the time series of 12 months. The results showed that detection of the drought trend has been almost the same in both methods. So that 70% and 100% of stations in Karkheh dam had significant trend based on Mann-Kendall method and Sen's Estimate Approach, respectively. But this amounts in Dez dam for Mann-Kendall and Sen's Estimate methods were 58% and 78% respectively. The stations of Dare Takht (Marbareh), Dorud (Tire) and Dorud (Marbareh) in Dez dam basin suffered from the highest intensity trend of hydrological drought. The stations of Doab (Vesseyan), Horo (Kaka Reza) and Tang Syab in Karkhe dam basin also had the highest intensity of hydrological drought. Based on these results, Karkheh dam has spent more severity and a long time of water deficit in recent years. According to the position and distribution of the stations in the study area this two studied dams have a special spatial trend. This paper focused on the phenomenon of drought defined by the streamflow drought index (SDI) at hydrometric stations in riverheads of Karkheh and Dez Basins in Lorestan province. For this purpose, the monthly discharge data from 21 hydrometric stations were used over the period 1975-2011. The Mann-Kendall and Sen's Estimate methods were applied to explore the trends in the time series of 12 months. The results showed that detection of the drought trend has been almost the same in both methods. So that 70% and 100% of stations in Karkheh dam had significant trend based on Mann-Kendall method and Sen's Estimate Approach, respectively. But this amounts in Dez dam for Mann-Kendall and Sen's Estimate methods were 58% and 78% respectively. The stations of Dare Takht (Marbareh), Dorud (Tire) and Dorud (Marbareh) in Dez dam basin suffered from the highest intensity trend of hydrological drought. The stations of Doab (Vesseyan), Horo (Kaka Reza) and Tang Syab in Karkhe dam basin also had the highest intensity of hydrological drought. Based on these results, Karkheh dam has spent more severity and a long time of water deficit in recent years. According to the position and distribution of the stations in the study area this two studied dams have a special spatial trend.

https://deej.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114059_3829494f4a08e689c722cc79dc49344f.pdf

دانشگاه کاشان مهندسی اکوسیستم بیابان 2538-6336 7 شماره 2 انگلیسی 2018 11 22 The spatial association between Halocnemum strobliaceum and Nebkas in North of Golestan Province, Iran The spatial association between Halocnemum strobliaceum and Nebkas in North of Golestan Province, Iran 55 66 114060 FA محسن حسینعلی زاده Dept. of Arid Zone Management Faculty of Rangeland & Watershed Management Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources. Gorgan, IRAN نرگس کریمی نژاد Phd Student, Arid Zone Management, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources محمد علی نژاد M.Sc Student, Arid Zone Management, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources علی محمدیان بهبهانی Department of Watershed and Arid Zone Management, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Journal Article 2018 09 07 Investigating the distribution of Halocnemum strobliaceum (H. strobliaceum) has an important role in spatial patterns of Nebka. In order to compare the indices efficiency of H. strobliaceum. and Nebkas’ spatial patterns and their interactions, a semi-arid region with 27.3 ha was selected in Golestan Province, Iran. The analysis of the collected samples was performed using univariate and bivariate summary statistic methods. Then, the maps of 119 H. strobliaceumand 322 Nebkas locations were prepared using Leica TCR407 Total Station Reflectorless. In the next step, detailed field studies were carried out to investigate the patterns and interactions between H. strobliaceumand Nebkas spatial locations in the selected region. The univariate (L, g, and O-ring functions) and bivariate (L12, g12, and O12 functions) summary statistics were used to separately investigate spatial patterns of H. strobliaceum and Nebkas as well as their interaction. The results of the univariate summary statistics showed that the H. strobliaceumhad a dispersed distribution pattern up to scales of 17 m and this pattern was a significant departure from random labeling at scales of 0-7 m. In this regard, the pattern of Nebkas showed a higher tendency to dispersed pattern at scales 0-18 m and after that the random pattern at scales 18-50 m. The bivariate summary statistics showed that H. strobliaceum and Nebkas locations had a highly significant positive relationship, suggesting their facilitation effects. In general, it is concluded that the spatial pattern of H. strobliaceum is a strong predictor of the Nebkas point pattern. Investigating the distribution of Halocnemum strobliaceum (H. strobliaceum) has an important role in spatial patterns of Nebka. In order to compare the indices efficiency of H. strobliaceum. and Nebkas’ spatial patterns and their interactions, a semi-arid region with 27.3 ha was selected in Golestan Province, Iran. The analysis of the collected samples was performed using univariate and bivariate summary statistic methods. Then, the maps of 119 H. strobliaceumand 322 Nebkas locations were prepared using Leica TCR407 Total Station Reflectorless. In the next step, detailed field studies were carried out to investigate the patterns and interactions between H. strobliaceumand Nebkas spatial locations in the selected region. The univariate (L, g, and O-ring functions) and bivariate (L12, g12, and O12 functions) summary statistics were used to separately investigate spatial patterns of H. strobliaceum and Nebkas as well as their interaction. The results of the univariate summary statistics showed that the H. strobliaceumhad a dispersed distribution pattern up to scales of 17 m and this pattern was a significant departure from random labeling at scales of 0-7 m. In this regard, the pattern of Nebkas showed a higher tendency to dispersed pattern at scales 0-18 m and after that the random pattern at scales 18-50 m. The bivariate summary statistics showed that H. strobliaceum and Nebkas locations had a highly significant positive relationship, suggesting their facilitation effects. In general, it is concluded that the spatial pattern of H. strobliaceum is a strong predictor of the Nebkas point pattern.

https://deej.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114060_c806ce52dcc1cfe38b2976a1de0fad6f.pdf

دانشگاه کاشان مهندسی اکوسیستم بیابان 2538-6336 7 شماره 2 انگلیسی 2018 11 22 The effects of soil clay content, surface rock fragments and their interactions on runoff and sediment yield during rainfall simulation The effects of soil clay content, surface rock fragments and their interactions on runoff and sediment yield during rainfall simulation 79 67 114061 FA مهدی بشیری Department of Range and Watershed Management, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Torbat Heydarieh, Razavi Khorasan, Iran حمیدرضا مرادی Department of Watershed Science and Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran میر مسعود خیرخواه Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute, Tehran, Iran مجید جعفری خالدی Department of Statistics, Faculty of Mathematical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2018 10 02 In the present research, the effects of surface rock fragments and soil clay content on surface runoff and soil loss was investigated under the laboratory conditions. The aim of the test was to increase the general understanding of how soil clay content and surface rock fragments affect the soil erosion process. A rainfall simulator was added to an erosion plot and these apparatuses were used to investigate the effects of varying soil clay content (SCC) and soil rock fragments (SRF) on soil erosion by measuring runoff volume and sediment yield at regular time intervals during the simulation. The results indicated that the main effects of soil clay content and surface rock fragments were all significant at the 0.95 level (p<0.05) for the runoff and sediment yield. Also, the most significant factor was the quantity of soil clay content in comparison with the surface rock fragments. The interaction effect between surface rock fragments and soil clay content was not significant for the runoff volume, but in case of sediment yield it had a great influence. The repeated measures analysis of variance for time intervals revealed that the main effects of sampling time and its interactions with soil clay content and surface rock fragments were all significant (p<0.05) as well, although the effects of time intervals reduced gradually while the rainfall simulation proceeded. The results indicated that the main effects and interactions must be accounted for any simulation study of soil erosion and modeling, and the multiple effects should be studied in research rather than the isolated effects of single variables. In the present research, the effects of surface rock fragments and soil clay content on surface runoff and soil loss was investigated under the laboratory conditions. The aim of the test was to increase the general understanding of how soil clay content and surface rock fragments affect the soil erosion process. A rainfall simulator was added to an erosion plot and these apparatuses were used to investigate the effects of varying soil clay content (SCC) and soil rock fragments (SRF) on soil erosion by measuring runoff volume and sediment yield at regular time intervals during the simulation. The results indicated that the main effects of soil clay content and surface rock fragments were all significant at the 0.95 level (p<0.05) for the runoff and sediment yield. Also, the most significant factor was the quantity of soil clay content in comparison with the surface rock fragments. The interaction effect between surface rock fragments and soil clay content was not significant for the runoff volume, but in case of sediment yield it had a great influence. The repeated measures analysis of variance for time intervals revealed that the main effects of sampling time and its interactions with soil clay content and surface rock fragments were all significant (p<0.05) as well, although the effects of time intervals reduced gradually while the rainfall simulation proceeded. The results indicated that the main effects and interactions must be accounted for any simulation study of soil erosion and modeling, and the multiple effects should be studied in research rather than the isolated effects of single variables.

https://deej.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114061_2850b53aa7bccace247b7cec5e96eeff.pdf